neoplasia

neoplasia

new growth, uncontrolled abnormal growth of cells/tissue in body

tumor

growth of neoplasm, swelling of body part/tissue, not necessarily cancer, not specific to inflammatory event (not traumatic)

cancer

malignant disease, uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in specific area

clinical classification of tumors

subjective/objective evaluations

histologic classification

“look at it”, good histologic class= accurate diagnosis

clinicopathologic classification

combo of clinical and histologic classification

type of growth in benign tumors

slow, expansive, a mile wide and an inch deep

type of growth in malignant tumors

fast, invasive

which type of tumors metastasize

malignant only

what does the external surface of benign tumors look like

smooth

what does the external surface of malignant tumors look like

irregular, jagged, fucked up

which tumor type has a defined capsule

benign

which tumor type has necrosis

malignant (like an evil tootsie pop)

which tumor type is bleeding

malignant

what is the architecture of benign tumors

resembles normal tissue it came from

what is the architecture of malignant tumors

doesnt resemble tissue of origin

which tumor type has poorly differentiated cells

malignant

what do the nuclei in benign tumors look like

normal shape and size, uniform, cytoplasm consistent %

what do the nuclei in malignant cells look like

pleomorphic (fucked)

how many mitoses do benign cells have

few

how many mitoses do malignant cells have

a lot and theyre weird

ulcerations in skin are indicative of

a malignant tumor

what are dysplastic changes

when a benign tumor starts transitioning to a potential metastatic state

how does cancer travel through the body

invades blood/lymph vessels and goes through their circulation

what is a big reason why cancer is so hard to beat

tumor induced angiogenesis

what is tumor induced angiogenesis

tumor tricks body into giving it resources to live, including its own blood supply, so it can grow and proliferate

what does -oma mean in mesenchymal tumors

benign

what does -sarcoma mean in mesenchymal tumors

malignant

what are mesenchymal tumors

tumors in muscle, bone, connective tissue

what does adenoma or papilloma mean in epithelial tumors

benign

what does carcinoma mean in epithelial tumors

malignant

what are epithelial tumors

tumors in secretory glands, ducts, GI, throat, soft tissue etc

are benign tumors gonna for sure stay that way forever and never cause problems

no wtf

who is at high risk for colon cancer

ppl w family history, obese, IBS, chrons, alcoholics

tumors of blood cells and lymphocytes

leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma

what are tumors of neural cells

ganglioneuroma, neuroblastoma

what are tumors of glial and neural supporting cells

glioma, meningioma

what are germ cell tumors (poorly differentiated tumors)

teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, seminoma (on balls)/dysgerminoma

what is multiple myeloma

malignant plasma cells (differentiated from B cells) proliferate in bone marrow, destroy surrounding bone. IgG related bc plasma cells. characterized by Bence Jones protein in urine and punched out bony lesions

who is at risk for for multiple myeloma and what are the symptoms

old dudes. anemic bc rbcs weird, bone pain, few wbc, osterlytic bone lesions on xray

what are blastomas

malignant tumors made of embryonic cells origionating from embryonic primordia

what is a blastoma of the eye

retinoblastoma

what is a blastoma of the adrenal medulla or immature neural cells

neuroblastoma

what is a blastoma of the liver

hepatoblastoma

what is a blastoma of the kidney

nephroblastoma

what is a tetroma (besides madi’s new mascot for paco 2026/ a new dnd monster inspiration)

a non metastatic tumor derived from germ cells containing multiple tissues formed from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. damn thing has teeth and hair in it

what do tumors in hodgkins disease effect

lymph nodes

what do tumors in ewings sarcoma effect

bone

what do tumors in kaposi’s sarcoma effect

skin in ppl w aids

what is the purpose of the TNM system of staging

used to project 5 year survival rate, the score indicates how bad the cancer is

what does the T in TNM grading mean

size of the tumor (1-4 rating, big number bad)

what does the N in TNM grading mean

presence of lymph node metastases (local) (1-4 rating, big number bad)

what does the M in TNM grading mean

distant metastases (got into blood/lymphatics) (0-1 rating, big number bad)

exogenous causes of cancer

chemical, physical, biologic (viruses)

endogenous causes of cancer

oncogenes (proto-oncogenes are reproduced)

tumor suppressor genes (breakdown in the supressor system)

what are paraneoplastic substances

substances secreted by cancer cells themselves that affect distal tissue or systems in body

what can be the paraneoplastic syndrome/effect associated with cushings (tumor on adrenal gland)

small cell carcinoma on lung

what can be the paraneoplastic syndrome/effect associated with hypercalcemia

squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs

what can be the paraneoplastic syndrome/effect associated with polycythemia

renal cell carcinoma (excessive erythropoietin from kidney→ excess rbcs (gotta take out the kidney)

what can be the paraneoplastic syndrome/effect associated with venous thrombosis

pancreatic carcinoma

what can be the paraneoplastic syndrome/effect associated with myasthenia gravis

thymoma