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Adaptation of an Animal
Structural, behavioral, and physiological changes that enhance survival, including camouflage, mimicry, and hibernation.
Adaptation of a Plant
Modifications such as drought resistance, leaf changes, root adaptations, and reproductive strategies that help plants survive in their environments.
Abscisic Acid
A plant hormone that regulates stress responses, stomatal closure, and seed dormancy.
Actin
A protein that plays a crucial role in muscle contraction, cell movement, and maintaining cell structure.
Amniotic Egg
An egg with protective membranes that enables terrestrial reproduction in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Amylase
An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of starch into sugars.
Angiosperm
A group of flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within fruit.
Animal with Segmented Body
Organisms characterized by repeated body segments, such as annelids and arthropods.
Annelid
A type of segmented worm, including earthworms and leeches.
Anther & Filament of Stamen
Male reproductive structures in flowers; the anther produces pollen, while the filament supports the anther.
Arthropod
Invertebrates with exoskeletons, including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans.
Archaebacteria
Ancient prokaryotic microorganisms that are extremophiles and distinct from eubacteria.
Autotroph
Organisms that produce their own food, including plants and some bacteria.
Auxin Producing Area of a Plant
Regions like the shoot tip that are involved in regulating plant growth.
Basidiomycete
A type of fungi that produces spores on basidia, including mushrooms.
Batesian Mimicry
A survival strategy where a non-toxic species mimics a toxic species for protection.
Biological Magnification
The increasing concentration of toxins in organisms at higher trophic levels.
Bryophyte
Non-vascular plants, such as mosses and liverworts.
C4 Plant
Plants that use a four-carbon pathway for photosynthesis, adapted to high light and temperature conditions.
Calvin Cycle
A series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that convert CO2 into glucose.
Carbohydrate – Fibrous
Structural carbohydrates, such as cellulose found in plant cell walls.
Cambium
A layer of tissue in plants responsible for secondary growth.
Cellulose
A polysaccharide that forms the cell wall of plants.
Chitin
A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and fungal cell walls.
Chlorophyta
A division of green algae, primarily found in aquatic environments.
Cnidarian
A phylum of animals, including jellyfish and corals, characterized by stinging cells.
Coelomate
An organism that possesses a true coelom, or body cavity.
Conifer Leaf
Needle-like leaves of coniferous trees, adapted for conserving water.
Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Connective Tissue
Tissue that supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs.
Cuticle Layer of a Plant
A waxy layer covering leaves and stems to reduce water loss.
Deciduous Leaf
Leaves that fall off seasonally, typically in autumn.
Deuterostome
An animal whose mouth develops from the second opening in the embryo.
Dicot Plant with Flower & Leaf
A flowering plant with two seed leaves (cotyledons).
Diploid Chromosome Number
The total number of chromosomes in a somatic cell, typically in pairs.
Echinoderm
A phylum of marine animals, including starfish and sea urchins, characterized by radial symmetry.
Ectotherm
An organism that relies on external sources for body heat.
Endosperm
Tissue that provides nutrition to the developing embryo in seeds.
Endotherm
An organism that can regulate its body temperature internally.
Enzyme
A protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions.
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines cavities.
Ethylene
A plant hormone that regulates growth and ripening.
Eubacteria
A domain of prokaryotic microorganisms, commonly known as true bacteria.
Eukaryote
Organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus.
Exoskeleton
A hard outer structure providing support and protection in invertebrates.
Fermentation
An anaerobic process that converts sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol.
