Plant Kingdom

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What did Whittaker propose in the 1969 classification system?

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1

What did Whittaker propose in the 1969 classification system?

Five Kingdom classification

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2

Which kingdoms were included in Whittaker's classification system?

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

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3

Where do algae occur?

They occur in a variety of habitats like moist stones, soils, wood

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4

How do algae reproduce vegetatively?

By fragmentation

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5

What are the characteristics of algae?

Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic, aquatic

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6

isogamous gametes can be

flagellated and similar in size (like Chlamydomonas) or non-flagellated and similar in size (like Spirogyra)

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7

What are some associations of algae with other organisms?

Fungi (lichen), animals (e.g., sloth bear)

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8

How do algae reproduce vegetatively?

Fragmentation

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9

What is the most common type of asexual spore produced by algae?

Zoospores

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10

How do zoospores reproduce?

By being flagellated (motile) and giving rise to new plants on germination

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11

how does sexual reproduction take place in algae?

Fusion of two gametes

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12

Who proposed the idea of natural classification systems considering internal features like ultra-structure, anatomy, embryology, and phytochemistry?

George Bentham and Joseph Daton Hooker

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13

What type of reproduction is isogamous in algae?

Fusion of two gametes of similar size

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14

What is the primary role of algae on Earth?

Carbon dioxide fixation through photosynthesis

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15

How do algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their environment?

Through photosynthesis

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16

What is the importance of algae as primary producers of energy-rich compounds?

Basis of food cycles for aquatic animals

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17

Name three species of marine algae used as food

Porphura, Laminaria, Sargassum

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18

What are "hydrocolloids" and what are they produced by?

Water holding substances, produced by certain marine brown and red algae

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19

Name two commercially used hydrocolloids produced by algae

Algin (brown algae), Carrageen (red algae)

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20

What commercial products are obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria algae?

Agar

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21

What are the uses of agar obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria algae?

Grow microbes, ice-creams, jellies

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22

Which unicellular alga is rich in proteins and used as a food supplement by space travelers?

Chlorella

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23

What are cyanobacteria no longer considered?

Algae

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24

What are members of Chlorophyceae commonly called?

Green algae

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25

What are the three types of plant body structures found in Chlorophyceae?

Unicellular, colonial, filamentous

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26

Why are green algae usually grass green in color?

Due to the dominance of chlorophyll a and b pigments

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27

Where are the pigments chlorophyll a and b localised in green algae?

In definite chloroplasts

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28

What are the various shapes of chloroplasts found in different species of green algae?

Discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral, ribbon-shaped

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29

What are storage bodies in chloroplasts called in green algae?

Pyrenoids

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30

Besides starch, what other component do pyrenoids in green algae contain?

Protein

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31

What form of food storage can be found in some green algae?

Oil droplets

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32

What is the composition of the rigid cell wall in green algae?

Inner layer of cellulose, outer layer of pectose

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33

How does vegetative reproduction usually occur in green algae?

Fragmentation, formation of different types of spores

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34

What is Numerical Taxonomy based on?

All observable characteristics. numbers and codes are assigned to all characters and the data is processed.

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35

What are asexual reproduction in green algae accomplished by?

Flagellated zoospores produced in zoosporangia

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36

How does sexual reproduction in green algae show variation?

Type and formation of sex cells

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37

What are the three types of sexual reproduction in green algae?

Isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous

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38

What were the earliest classification systems based on for plants?

superficial morphological characteristics like habit, colour, number and shape of leaves etc

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39

Why were early classification systems considered artificial?

They separated closely related species based on few characteristics

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40

What is Cytotaxonomy based on?

Cytological information like chromosome number, structure, behavior

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41

What is Chemotaxonomy based on?

Chemical constituents of the plant

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42

What are algae?

Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic, aquatic organisms

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43

What is the name of the group of algae discussed in this text?& Phaeophyceae ;

In which habitats are brown algae primarily found?& Marine habitats ;

What is the tallest height that kelps, a type of brown algae, can reach?& 100 metres ;

Which pigments do brown algae possess?& Chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls ;

What is the pigment responsible for the color variations in brown algae?& Fucoxanthin ;

How is food stored in brown algae?& Complex carbohydrates (laminarin or mannitol) ;

What covers the cellulosic wall of the vegetative cells of brown algae?& Gelatinous coating of algin ;

What is centrally located in the protoplast of brown algae cells, in addition to plastids?& Vacuole and nucleus ;

How are brown algae usually attached to the substratum?& Holdfast ;

What is the stalk in the plant body of brown algae called?& Stipe ;

What is the leaf-like photosynthetic organ in brown algae known as?& Frond ;

How does vegetative reproduction take place in most brown algae?& Fragmentation ;

How do asexual reproduction occur in most brown algae?& Biflagellate zoospores ;

What are the shape of the zoospores in brown algae?& Pear-shaped ;

How many flagella do the zoospores in brown algae have?& Two flagella (unequal laterally attached) ;

What are the three types of sexual reproduction in brown algae?& Isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous ;

Where can the union of gametes take place in oogamous species of brown algae?& Within the oogonium ;

What shape do the gametes of brown algae have?& Pyriform (pear-shaped) ;

How many flagella do the gametes of brown algae bear?& Two flagella (laterally attached) ;

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