Plant Kingdom

What did Whittaker propose in the 1969 classification system?

Five Kingdom classification

Which kingdoms were included in Whittaker's classification system?

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

Where do algae occur?

They occur in a variety of habitats like moist stones, soils, wood

How do algae reproduce vegetatively?

By fragmentation

What are the characteristics of algae?

Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic, aquatic

isogamous gametes can be

flagellated and similar in size (like Chlamydomonas) or non-flagellated and similar in size (like Spirogyra)

What are some associations of algae with other organisms?

Fungi (lichen), animals (e.g., sloth bear)

How do algae reproduce vegetatively?

Fragmentation

What is the most common type of asexual spore produced by algae?

Zoospores

How do zoospores reproduce?

By being flagellated (motile) and giving rise to new plants on germination

how does sexual reproduction take place in algae?

Fusion of two gametes

Who proposed the idea of natural classification systems considering internal features like ultra-structure, anatomy, embryology, and phytochemistry?

George Bentham and Joseph Daton Hooker

What type of reproduction is isogamous in algae?

Fusion of two gametes of similar size

What is the primary role of algae on Earth?

Carbon dioxide fixation through photosynthesis

How do algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in their environment?

Through photosynthesis

What is the importance of algae as primary producers of energy-rich compounds?

Basis of food cycles for aquatic animals

Name three species of marine algae used as food

Porphura, Laminaria, Sargassum

What are "hydrocolloids" and what are they produced by?

Water holding substances, produced by certain marine brown and red algae

Name two commercially used hydrocolloids produced by algae

Algin (brown algae), Carrageen (red algae)

What commercial products are obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria algae?

Agar

What are the uses of agar obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria algae?

Grow microbes, ice-creams, jellies

Which unicellular alga is rich in proteins and used as a food supplement by space travelers?

Chlorella

What are cyanobacteria no longer considered?

Algae

What are members of Chlorophyceae commonly called?

Green algae

What are the three types of plant body structures found in Chlorophyceae?

Unicellular, colonial, filamentous

Why are green algae usually grass green in color?

Due to the dominance of chlorophyll a and b pigments

Where are the pigments chlorophyll a and b localised in green algae?

In definite chloroplasts

What are the various shapes of chloroplasts found in different species of green algae?

Discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral, ribbon-shaped

What are storage bodies in chloroplasts called in green algae?

Pyrenoids

Besides starch, what other component do pyrenoids in green algae contain?

Protein

What form of food storage can be found in some green algae?

Oil droplets

What is the composition of the rigid cell wall in green algae?

Inner layer of cellulose, outer layer of pectose

How does vegetative reproduction usually occur in green algae?

Fragmentation, formation of different types of spores

What is Numerical Taxonomy based on?

All observable characteristics. numbers and codes are assigned to all characters and the data is processed.

What are asexual reproduction in green algae accomplished by?

Flagellated zoospores produced in zoosporangia

How does sexual reproduction in green algae show variation?

Type and formation of sex cells

What are the three types of sexual reproduction in green algae?

Isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous

What were the earliest classification systems based on for plants?

superficial morphological characteristics like habit, colour, number and shape of leaves etc

Why were early classification systems considered artificial?

They separated closely related species based on few characteristics

What is Cytotaxonomy based on?

Cytological information like chromosome number, structure, behavior

What is Chemotaxonomy based on?

Chemical constituents of the plant

What are algae?

Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic, aquatic organisms

What is the name of the group of algae discussed in this text?& Phaeophyceae ;

In which habitats are brown algae primarily found?& Marine habitats ;

What is the tallest height that kelps, a type of brown algae, can reach?& 100 metres ;

Which pigments do brown algae possess?& Chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls ;

What is the pigment responsible for the color variations in brown algae?& Fucoxanthin ;

How is food stored in brown algae?& Complex carbohydrates (laminarin or mannitol) ;

What covers the cellulosic wall of the vegetative cells of brown algae?& Gelatinous coating of algin ;

What is centrally located in the protoplast of brown algae cells, in addition to plastids?& Vacuole and nucleus ;

How are brown algae usually attached to the substratum?& Holdfast ;

What is the stalk in the plant body of brown algae called?& Stipe ;

What is the leaf-like photosynthetic organ in brown algae known as?& Frond ;

How does vegetative reproduction take place in most brown algae?& Fragmentation ;

How do asexual reproduction occur in most brown algae?& Biflagellate zoospores ;

What are the shape of the zoospores in brown algae?& Pear-shaped ;

How many flagella do the zoospores in brown algae have?& Two flagella (unequal laterally attached) ;

What are the three types of sexual reproduction in brown algae?& Isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous ;

Where can the union of gametes take place in oogamous species of brown algae?& Within the oogonium ;

What shape do the gametes of brown algae have?& Pyriform (pear-shaped) ;

How many flagella do the gametes of brown algae bear?& Two flagella (laterally attached) ;