pe gcse chapter 2

what is an axis

an imaginary straight line through the body around which it rotates

What is load

Weight or force that needs to be moved - at the ankle in FLE

what is a plane

an imaginary line that splits the body in two and depicts the direction of movement

what is the effort

Force applied to the muscles to ove the load

what is the fulcrum

the joint

mechanical advantage

mechanical advantage is achieved by having a longer effort arm then load arm

what is the load arm

distance between the fulcrum and the load (cm)

what is the effort arm

the distance between the muscle and the effort (cm)

what does it mean having mechanical advantage

having mechanical advantage means being able to overcome a high load with relatively little effort

first class level definition

elbow extension, could have mechanical advantage or disadvantage

sporting examples of first class lever

throwing in football, darts throw

second class lever

always has a mechanical advantage

sporting examples of a second class lever

heel raises, sprint start, take off in high jump

third class lever

always has mechanical disadvantage

sporting examples of a third class lever

bicep curl, kicking as ball

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FLE(fulcrum in the middle, load in the middle, effort in the middle)

saggital axis

abduction-adduction, left and right

sporting eg of saggital axis

cartwheel, breathstroke

longitudinal axis

rotation, top to bottom

sporting eg longitudinal axis

hammer throw spin, triple axis

transverse axis

flexion and extension, front and back

sporting eg

sprinting

front plane

abduction and adduction

sporting eg frontal plane

defensive slide

transverse plane

rotation

sporting eg transverse plane

tennis swing

saggiato plane

flexion and extension, left and right

sporting eg saggiato plane

jogging

what is health

a state of complete, physical and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

what is fitness

the ability to meet the demands of the environment, every environment looks different

Cardiovascular endurance

the ability of the lungs and heart to supply oxygen to the working muscles

muscular endurance

the ability of a muscle or muscle group to undergo repeated contractions avoiding fatigue

strength

the ability to overcome a resistance 1. maximal strength: the greatest force that can be exerted repeatedly by a muscle 2. Dynamic strength: amount of force that can be exerted repeatedly by a muscle 3. explosive strength: amount of force exerted in one quick muscle contraction 4. static strength: amount of force exerted on an object you cannot move

flexibility

the range of movement possible at a joint

agility

the ability to move and change direction quickly whilst maintaining control

balance

maintenance of the centre of mass over the base of support

co-ordination

the ability to use two or more body parts together at the same time

power

the ability to undertake strength performances quickly

formula for power

POWER=STRENGTH X SPEED

reaction time

the time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus

speed

the rate at which an athlete can peform a movement or cover a distance

reasons for fitness testing

identify strengths and weaknesses, judge the success of a training programme, make improvements, show a starting level of fitness

limitations of fitness testing

tests are often not sport specific, many tests require high motivation, in order to be valid the correct procedure must always be followeda

agility fitness test

Illinois agility test

balance test

stork balance test

coordination test

wall toss test

flexibility test

sit and reach test

muscular endurance test

sit-up bleep test

power/explosive strength test

vertical jump test

reaction time test

ruler drop test

maximal strength test

one rep max test

strength

hand grip dynamiter test

cardiovascular endurance test

multi stage fitness test