Chapter 2 Anatomy (chem)

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Energy

Capacity to do work

Kinetic energy

active energy

Potential energy

Inactive energy

Chemical, electric, mechanical, radiant

Types of energy

Proton

Positively charged, resides in nucleus of an atom

Neutron

Neutral and resides in the nucleus of an atom

Electrons

Negatively charged, orbits nucleus in electron cloud

Atomic number

Number of protons in the nucleus

Mass number

Sum of masses of the protons and neutrons

Isotope

Same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons

Atomic weight

average mass of numbers of all isotopes of an element

Radioactivity

the process of atomic decay. Alpha, beta, or gamma particles are ejected from the atomic nucleus

Quarks

Components of nuclear particles—what composes protons and neutrons

Half-life

The time is takes for a radioisotyope to lose one half of its activity

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

Compound

two or more different types of atoms held together by chemical bonds

Mixtures

two or more substances whose components are physically intermixed. Types include solutions, colloids, and suspensions

Solution

Solute particles are very tiny and do not settle out or scatter light. Ex. mineral water

Colloid

Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light; does not settle out. Can change from fluid state to solid state (sol-gel transformations) Ex. Jello

Suspension

Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light. Ex. blood

Valence shell

Indicates an atom’s outermost energy level. Shell 1 is occupied with 2 electrons, shell 2 is occupied with 8

Rule of eight

Atoms tend to interact so they have 8 electrons in their valence shell

Ionic bonds

Formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another. (anions and cations)

Anion

A type of ionic bond that’s an electron acceptor. Gains a negative net charge

Cation

A type of ionic bond that’s an electron donor. Gains a net positive charge

Covalent bond

Shared electrons occupy an outer electron shell common to both atoms.

Hydrogen bonds

When hydrogen is covalently linked to another atom and is attracted by another atom and forms a bridge between them

Chemical reaction

Occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearrange, or broken

Chemical equation

Describes what happens in a reaction and has reactants and products. ex. synthesis and decomposition reactions

Synthesis reaction

Anabolic chemical reaction where where two or more simple substances, or reactants, combine to form a single, more complex product

Decomposition reaction

Catabolic chemical reaction where a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler products, often requiring an input of energy

temperature, concentration, particle size, catalysts (enzymes that speed up reactions)

Factors influencing chemical reactions

Biochemistry

the study of chemical compositions and reaction of living matter

Organic compounds

Contain carbon, all have covalent bonds. Includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Carbohydrates

Organic compound that includes starches and sugar. Functions to be easily used source of cellular fuel

Lipids

Organic compound that includes fatty acids and glycerol. Functions to be most efficient at storing usable energy fuel. Is insoluble in water and readily dissolves in other lipids.

Proteins

Organic compound that includes amino acids containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Formed by peptide bonds arranged in an alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet, tertiary structure, or quaternary structure

Nucleic acids

Organic compound that includes DNA and is composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous. Is the largest molecule of the body.

DNA

Long, double-stranded polymer, “double helix.” Found in nucleus and contains genetic material that replicates itself. Provides instructions for building protein

RNA

Single strands of nucleotides. Found outside the nucleus and carries out orders for protein synthesis given by DNA

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Type of organic compound that is the smallest, easy energy immediately usable by all body cells. Very unstable

Inorganic compounds

Includes water, salts, acids, bases, neutralization, and buffers.

Water

The most abundant inorganic compound that makes up 60-80% of the volume of most living cells. Has high heat capacity/vaporization, is universal solvent, and is a biological colloid (ex. blood. protein/water mixture)

Salts

Type of inorganic compound that contains cations except hydrogen ions and anions except hydroxyl ions. Dissolve in water and disassociate into their component ions, creating electrolytes. (all ions are electrolytes)

Acids

Inorganic compound that releases hydrogen ions, H+, in detectable amounts. When dissolved in water, releases protons and anions. Number of protons determine acidity, while anions have little affect on acidity

Bases

Inorganic compound that takes up hydrogen ions, H+, in detectable amount. Are proton acceptors!! Has bitter taste, feels slippery.

pH Scale

Runs fro 0-14. 7 is neutral, hydrogen ions = hydroxyl ions. Below 0-7 is acidic and above 7-14 is basic.

Neutralization

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water

Buffers

An inorganic compound that resists abrupt changes in pH. Releases hydrogen ions when pH rises, and binds hydrogen ions when pH drops. Kidneys and lungs regulate blood pH

7.35-7.45

Blood pH range that is physiologically neutral (even though its technically slightly basic)