everything bio gr11

Accessory Organs

secretes digestive juices into main tract

Alimentary Tract

tube leading from mouth to anus

Bile

Secreted from gall bladder, emulsifies fat

Enzyme

organic catalyst

Macronutrients

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Micronutrients

vitamins and minerals

Pepsin

Pepsinogen is converted into this enzyme in the stomach by hydrochloric acid. It breaks down large proteins.

Trypsin

Chemically digests proteins into amino acids in the duodenum

aneurysm

Bulge in blood vessel that can cause problems if it leaks/bursts

Capillary

Small blood vessel through which materials diffuse

Cellular Respiration

glucose and oxygen used to produce ATP

Diaphragm

muscle at bottom of thorax needed to move lungs

External Respiration

gas exchange in alveoli

Heart Attack

Severe angina resulting in death of some heart muscle tissue

Inhalation

ribs pull up and out, diaphragm goes down, low air pressure in lungs

Internal Respiration

gas exchange between capillaries and body cells

Medulla Oblongata

part of brain that controls respiration rate

Systole

Pressure of blood leaving the heart

thrombosis

Blood clot formed in damaged blood vessels

Vagus nerve

Nerve which slows the heartbeat

Vein

Large blood vessel returning to the heart

Ventilation

gas exchange from mouth/breathing

Functions of circulatory system

1. delivers nutrients, O2, CO2
2. equalize body temp (37.5)
3. transport hormones
4. remove wastes
5. fights infections w/anitbodies
6. WBCs repair wounds

open circulatory system

* no blood vessels, heart pumps blood into body cavity to bathe cells (crustaceans, insects, molluscs)

closed circulatory system

* blood vessels like arteries and veins join heart (earthworms, humans)

parts of circulatory system in mammals

1. heart - pumps blood
2. fluid - blood
3. vessels - arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and viens

cardiac/coronary circulation

to heart muscle

pulmonary circulation

to lungs

systemic circulation

to all other body organs

renal circulation

to kidneys

hepatic portal circulation

to intestines and liver

ateries

* blood away from heart, leaves left side
* made of 3 layers
* epithelium (inside), connective tissue (middle), elastic fibres (outside)
* aorta is largest artery which connects LV to arteries in body

arterioles

* regulate BP by vasoconstriction and vasodilation

capillaries

* link arterioles and venules
* RBCs go to all living cells to exchange gases across capillaries and into surrounding tissues
* O2, CO2 and glucose exchanged

veins

* blood to right side of heart
* thinner walls than arteries
* have valves to prevent backflow
* vena cava major vein that carries blood w/o O2 to RS

venules

blood w/o O2 goes through cells to venules

blood functions

1. transport


1. respiratory gases (O2, CO2)
2. nutrients (sugar, minerals, vitamins)
3. cellular wastes
4. regulatory substances (enzymes, hormones)
2. maintenance + regulation


1. chemical state
2. pH
3. water content
4. body temo
3. protection from disease and collapse

components of blood

45% cells which are suspended in plasma which is 55%

plasma composition

* clear, straw coloured liquid
* >90% water
* 7% dissolved proteins
* salts
* fatty acids
* vitamins
* glucose
* nutrients
* cellular wastes
* ions

erythrocytes

RBC

* most numerous
* disc shaped, concave, no nucleus
* filled with hemoglobin (iron filled and carry O2 or CO2)
* made by red bone marrow
* old RBCs broken down by liver and spleen

thrombocytes

platelets

* small, round/oval cell fragments
* cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane
* no nucleus
* formed in bone marrow
* trigger blood clotting

leukocytes

WBC

* least numerous
* larger than RBC and have 1+ nucleus
* change shape to squeeze out of capillaries
* fight diseases by phagocytosis or by producing antibodies
* 5+ types

SA node

pacemaker in RA

atria

contract before ventricles

sympathetic nervous systerm

prepares body for stress

parasympathetic nervous systerm

relaxes heart muscles

changes that affect heartbeat

smoking, exercise

plaques

fatty deposits in arteries

cause of high BP

atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries)

angina

pain in chest, left shoulder and arm

myocardial infarction

heart attack where heart muscle tissue diesbl

superior vena cava

goes to heart from top of body

inferior vena cava

goes to heart from bottom of body

lobster (crustacean) circulatory

open

heart pumps blood into cavity to bathe cells

earthworm (annelid)

closed

5 pairs of hearts that pump blood

frog (amphibian)

closed

2 atria +1 ventricle. LA recives O2 blood, ventricle pumps to body, RA recieves no O2 blood

human (mammal) circulatory system

closed

2 circuit (pulmonary to lungs, systemic to body) double pump

types of muscles

skeletal - voluntary striated/striped (bicep)

visceral - involuntary smooth (intestines)

cardiac - involuntary striated (myocardium)

heartbeat

1. starts in SA node which sends out the impulse
2. atria contract
3. AV node sends impulse to ventirlces
4. Purkinje firbes + bundle of his nerves carry impulse
5. ventriacles contract

diastole

“relax”

* heart realxes to fill with blood
* atria contract to fill ventricle
* valves open
* BP down (diastolic pressure)

systole

* ventricles contract to pump after filling
* BP up (systolic pressure)
* valves closed

heart beat sound

1st sound = tricuspid+bicuspid valves close after atria contract (end diastole)

2nd sound = ventricles contract +semilunar valves close (end systole)

BP read = systole/diastole

electrocardiographs

read electrical activity transmitted on electrocardiograph machine to make electrocardiogram. gives info on heart parts

anemia

decrease in blood O2

due to altered hemoglobin (sickle cell anemia) or blood loss

shock

circulatory system keeps blood in body not brain to conserve blood due to blood loss

body is cold and vital organs may be damaged

leukemia

cancer of WBC

hypertension

high BP (+ 140/90)

can damage heart and blood vessels

leads to angina, heart stroke/attack

atherosclerosis

hardening of arteries

cholesterol, plaque block blood vessels

can cause hypertension

angina

chest pain due to lack of O2 in coronary system

heart attack

severe angina = muscle cell die on heart = scar tissue

nitroglycerine opens blood vessels for more blood flow to heart

bypass surgery replaces clogged arteries

angioplasty opens constricted blood vessels w/balloon

stroke

damage to blood vessels to brain = brain damage from lack of O2

affects opposite side of body from where blood vessel is

thrombosis

blood clot forms in damaged blood vessels

embolism: floating blood clot to heart/brain

aneurysm

enlargement of weak artery wall = burst

may leak

damage of 1 side of brain affects opp side of body

damage wherever they are

respiratory system function

supply O2 to cells so energy is produced through cellular respiration

CO2 is produced (exchange of O2 + CO2 = respiration)

components of respiratory system

1. breathing/ventilation


1. O2 in
2. inhalation + exhalation is done by changing chest cavity size
3. no friction due to mucus lined pleura membrane
4. gases go from high to low pressure
2. external respiration


1. gas exchange on respiratory surface in lung
2. alveoli to max SA for gas exchange
3. O2 goes from alveoli to capillary
4. CO2 goes from capillary to alveoli
3. Internal Respiration


1. gas exchange with blood in capillaries and cells in body
2. O2 to cells and CO2 to blood
4. Cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36 ADP + 36 phosphate => 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP + heat


1. chem process in mitochondria of cell for ATP from food

venule

takes O2 blood away from alveoli

bronchiole

take O2 to alveoli for gas exchange

arteriole

no O2 blood to alveol

alveoli

gas exchange

total lung capacity (TLV)

max air lungs hold

residual long volume (RV)

air always left in lungs to prevent collapse (1-1.5L)

tidal lung volume (TV)

volume of air inhaled/exhaled per breath (200-250 mL)

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

amount of extra air possible after normal inhale

expieratory reserve volume (ERV)

amount of extra air possible after normal exhale

vital capacity (VC)

max inhale/exhale possible (TV+IRV+ERV=VC) abt 4.5L

grasshopper respiratory system

tracheal tubes

* tubes carry air from holes in body to cells
* body movement keeps air circulating

earthworm respiratory system

skin

* gas exchange through capillaries in skin
* skin moist for gas diffusion

human respiratory system

2 lungs

* gas exchange in capillaries of lungs

fish respiratory system

gills

* gills with capillaries for gas exchange
* inhale - open mouth, closes opercula
* blood flows opp. to water to increase O2 content

frog respiratory system

skin, lungs, mouth

* gas exchange in capillaries of moist skin, lungs + mouth

bird respiratory system

air sacs, lungs

* 1 way gas flow with 2 air sacs around lungs
* inhale fills 1st sac + lung, exhale fills 2nd sac + lung
* lung never empty

plant respiratory system

leaves

* gas exchange through stoma in leaves

asthma

cause

* allergic reaction or infection, genetics
* bronchial passage narrows due to swelling

symptoms

* tightness in chest
* difficult breathing
* feels like suffocating

treatment

* antibiotics for infection
* medicines to dilate bronchi

bronchitis

cause

* inflammation of bronchi bc of smoking infection, pollution

symptoms

* dry cough, fever, weak, short of breath
* chest discomfort

treatment

* rest, antibiotics, remove irritant

emphysema

cause

* overstretched alveoli
* decrease SA of alveoli
* caused by irritant (smoking, pollution)

symptoms

* constant cough, short of breath, weak, wheezing, weight loss

treatment

* decrease activity
* bronchiodilator
* cough up sputum
* oxygen tank

cystic fibrosis

cause

* autosomal recessive, mucus blocks air passage

symptom

* mucus causes lung infections
* presistent cough

treatment

* antibiotics, enzymes, physiotherapy, transplant

influenza

cause

* viral infection of upper respiratory system

symptom

* stuffy/runny nose, sore throat, cough
* headache

treatment

* bed rest
* headache medicine
* fluids, vaporizer, wait

laryngitis

cause

* inflammation of larynx bc of infection, voice strain, irritants

symptoms

* deep voice
* no voice
* sometimes a cough

treatment

* stop talking, rest
* remove irritant
* anitbiotics

pneumonia

cause

* inflammation of lungs bc of bacteria
* build up of mucus

symptoms

* chills, fever
* cough, short of breath
* sharp pain, headache

treatment

* rest
* cough up mucus, antibiotics

pleurisy

cause

* inflammation of pleura
* pleura are swollen and rub against each other

symptoms

* painful and difficult breathing
* fever, cough
* shallow breathing

treatment

* pain pills
* tape ribs to reduce movement