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abnormal disorder requirements
threatens self or others. ←→ interferes with ability to live
it deviates cultural norms - eccentricity
approaches to mental health disorders
→ biopsychosocial model
→ biomedical model
cause
→ result of biological, mental, and social interactions
→ biological disease
prognosis
→ manageable
→ curable
wellness
→ proper function
→ absence of psychopathology/mental health disorder
DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
they tell you the:
→ diagnostic criteria (what you need in order to be diagnosed with a certain disorder)
→ prevalence (frequency)
→ age of onset
→ cultural issues
they don’t tell you:
→ treatment
lost of awareness
dissociation
→ it is limited to specific external reality
OR
→ limited to internal reality
fantasy prone reality
when some people have the ability to fantasize a whole different reality and feel like what is happening in that reality is real
dissociative disorders
→ dissociative amnesia(“i don’t remember”) - blocking out the trauma so you don’t have to remember………….fungue state(“who am i”) - very very rare, comes randomly, stops randomly
→ depersonalization-derealization disorder (“is this real?”) - “alien control”, feels are though someone else is in control
→ dissociative identity disorder - has multiple identities which all have distinct traits and they all serve different purposes
Herbert Spiegel and the Case of Sybil
the therapist of Sybil unintentionally put the idea of different identities into Sybil’s head
‘Eye roll test’
the higher your eye roll is on the chart, the more you are hypnotizable
schizophrenia symptoms: positive
→ Presence of behaviors, doesn’t mean “good”
Inappropriate emotions
hallucinations (most of the time audio, rarely seeing stuff)
delusions
paranoia
disorganized thoughts & speech
schizophrenia symptoms: negative
→ absence of behaviors, doesn’t mean “bad”
catatonia: lack of movement
flat affect: lack of emotions
schizophrenia possible causes
high dopamine levels
enlarged brain ventricles
which disorder is most likely to be inherited genetically from one generation to the next?
schizophrenia
diathesis stress model
genetic predispositions and environmental stressors interact and play a factor in how likely a person will be to develop a disorder
major depressive disorder
sadness
lost of interest/pleasure
difficulty concentrating
feeling of worthlessness or guilt
more or less sleep
weight loss/loss of appetite
restlessness or inactivity
according to the DSM-5, how long do you need to wait to see if it is major depressive disorder?
over a 2 week time period
which disorder is the most common?
major depressive disorder
when are some possibilities major depressive disorder could occur?
post-partum depression (giving birth to a child)
seasonal affective disorder (SAD) IN THE WINTER
positive attributional style: most likely will see good things that happen to them as…?
internal, stable, global
positive attributional style: most likely will see bad things that happen to them as…?
external, temporary, specific
negative attributional style: most likely will see good things that happen to them as…?
external, temporary, specific
negative attributional style: most likely will see bad things that happen to them as…?
internal, stable, global
bipolar disorder
depressive episodes
manic episodes
symptoms of manic episodes
high amounts of energy and euphoria
lack of sleep
racing thoughts
rapid speech
difficulty focusing
excessive spending and/or gambling
cyclothymic
far less extreme and lasts shorter than bipolar disorder
what is the second most common disorder?
generalized anxiety disorder
anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder
specific phobia
panic disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
→ ongoing
→ low levels of anxiety
specific phobia
→ irrational fear
panic disorder
→ panic attacks (extreme dread ←→ sympathetic nervous system ←→ brief and occasional)
obsessive compulsive disorder
obsessions
compulsions
compulsions intended to alleviate obsessions
obsessions
→ thoughts (invasive ←→ anxiety invoking ←→ irrational or bizarre)
compulsions (more common)
→ behaviors (ritualistic ←→ repetitive ←→ hard to hold back)
post-traumatic stress disorder
stressor
→ intrusion (flashbacks, involuntary memory of event, nightmares)
→ avoidance of reminders
→ cognitive and mood alterations (sadness/inability to be happy, amnesia, guilt)
→ arousal and reactivity (hyper vigilance, difficultly sleeping, problems concentrating)
feeding and eating disorders
anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
binge eating disorder
anorexia nervosa
→ typically underweight
→ restriction of caloric intake
→ undue influence of body weight or shape (same as bulimia nervosa)
bulimia nervosa
→ typically normal weight to overweight
→ compensation strategy for consumption
→ food consumption larger than others would usually eat in similar setting (same as binge eating disorder)
→ sense of lack of control while eating (same as binge eating disorder)
binge eating disorder
→ typically normal weight to obese
→ distressed by consumption but no compensation
→ food consumption larger than others would usually eat in similar setting (same as bulimia nervosa)
→ sense of lack of control while eating (same as bulimia nervosa)
neurodevelopmental disorders
disorders that affect ones’s development whether socially, cognitively, or etc.
autism spectrum disorder
intellectual disability
autism spectrum disorder
→ social communication deficits (could be that they’re nonverbal or talks a lot and not realize that the other person is not interested)
→ restricted repetitive pattern (behaviors, interests)
intellectual disability
→ intellectual functioning deficits (academic learning, learning from experience)
→ adaptive functioning deficits (independent living, communication)
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
inattention
→ difficulty with focus
→ trouble concentrating
→ easily distracted
→ lacking organization
hyperactivity
→ fidgety
→ difficulty sitting still
→ impulsive
→ talks excessively
disruptive, impulsive-control, and conduct disorder
usually characterized during childhood
behavior problems leading to trouble with adults
oppositional defiant disorder
conduct disorder
oppositional defiant disorder
they don’t want to be told what to do
→ vindictiveness (wanting to get revenge after feeling like you’ve been wronged)
→ argues with authority
→ anger with authority
conduct disorder
doing it for them and doesn’t care who they hurt
specific to anyone under 18
after 18, it changes to antisocial personality disorder
→ lack of regard, empathy, or remorse
→ harm to others
→ theft
→ deceitfulness
somatic symptom and related disorder
somatic symptom disorder
illness activity disorder
factitious disorder
conversion disorder
somatic symptom disorder
“this pain is too much for me!”
→ multiple persistant physical complaints
→ maladaptive thoughts and behaviors relating to it (they are always thinking about it)
illness activity disorder
“this pain is a sign of something much worse!”
→ somatic symptoms absent or mildly present (but convinced they have it)
→ high anxiety about health
factitious disorder
→ fakes physical or psychological illness (not doing it to get out of work, get money, scam people) → typically doing it for sympathy or attention (go out of their way to do it)
conversion disorder
altered motor or sensory function (sometimes because of a psychological reason) → no known physical cause
gender dysphoria
→ experienced/expressed gender (current) → incongruence → distress (main characteristic, without this it’s not really DSM-5 level classified because it’s a distress that needs to be addressed)
→ assigned gender (birth) → incongruence → distress (main characteristic, without this it’s not really DSM-5 level classified because it’s a distress that needs to be addressed)
sex
biological indiction of male or female (reproductive capacity)
gender
public lived role as male or female - biological and social
personality disorders
→ behaviors → function impairment
→ stable over time
→ deviates from cultural expectations
→ endurring pattern
→ pervasive and inflexible
number of personality disorders
three
cluster a - odd/eccentric
cluster b - diametric/emotional/erratic
cluster c - anxious/fearful
cluster a - odd/eccentric
→ paranoid
→ schizoid (no desire for social interaction)
→ schizotypal (eccentric thinking and behaviors (unusual behaviors and expression of irrational beliefs))
cluster b - diametric/emotional/erratic
→ antisocial (person has no regard for other people (like some CEDs, serial killers)
→ borderline (strong abrupt emotional sniffs: close and distant to others (“get away from me; please don’t go”)
→ histrionic (attention-seeking, flirtatious, and need for approval)
→ narcissistic (exaggerated, self-importance)
cluster c - anxious/fearful
→ dependent (being over-reliant on people)
→ avoidant (do want relations but afraid of rejection)
→ obsessive-compulsive (rigid way of living that hates change “their way or the highway”)
challenges in therapy
transference/countertransference
spontaneous recovery
regression to the mean
placebo effect
transference
when the client starts to project their feelings/problems to the therapist
countertransference
when the therapist starts to project their feelings/problems to the client.
romantic feelings leads to losing license and maybe prison time
spontaneous recovery
where you just get better, problem resolves itself
main problem: “is it the therapy that worked?”
regression to the mean
a person has a mean/average and they can do things below or above that average but eventually they come back to that average.
placebo effect
you believe you’re getting better, you feel better
approach to therapy
→ eclectic approach (a mixture/combination of things)
→ medication
→ psychodynamic
→ behavioral
→ humanistic
→ cognitive
biomedical appraoches
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
lobotomy
psychotropics (medications)
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
it’s effective
used for depression
major side effect: memory loss
lobotomy
frontal lobe is severed from limbic system
not done anymore (rarely)
for people with schizophrenia
to limit uncontrollable emotions
side effects: lose personality, lose movement, everything is lost about them
psychotropics (medication) for
→ depression
→ anxiety
→ ADHD
→ bipolar
→ schizophrenia
what medication(s) does depression have?
SSRI
Prozac
Zoloft
MAOi (breakdown of serotoin)
what medication(s) does anxiety have?
Benzodiazepines (GABA inhibited)
Valium (Diazepam)
Xanax
what medication(s) does ADHD have?
Ritalin
Adderall (stimulant)
what medication(s) does bipolar have?
Lithium
what medication(s) does schizophrenia have?
Thorazine (chlorpromazine haldol)
1794 - Brief History of mental health therapy
Philippe Pinel - Father of Psychology suggests treatment for illness
1840 - Brief History of mental health therapy
Dorothea Dix - Calls for establishment of mental health hospitals
1963 - Brief History of mental health therapy
Community Mental Health Act Passed
1973 - Brief History of mental health therapy
David Rosenhan - “On being sane, in insane places”
Psychoanalysis
Also called Psychodynamic
the idea that our past experiences shape our present, and that many mental processes are unconscious
free association - talk about whatever then you stumble upon the problem and have a '“a-ha” moment and “everything gets better” → also takes a long time
which therapy uses free association?
psychoanalysis/psychodynamic
humanistic therapy
client-centered & non-directive
therapist won’t say a lot, client will lead
there is an understanding between the client and therapist (congruence)
uses active listening, unconditional positive regard, empathy
carl rogers was a main person on this idea
behavioral therapies
counterconditioning
flooding
systematic desensitization
overexposure
aversion therapy
token economy
counterconditioning
incorporate a pleasant stimulus in order to help with a specific phobia
ex: using bowling as a relaxing component in order to get over a fear of dogs
mary cover jones
flooding
when the specific phobia is put all around you; you’re being exposed at max intensity and so you eventually have to get used to being around that phobia/fear
least popular
systematic desensitization
in order to improve a fear of a specific phobia, relaxation techniques are being taught so fear decreases; gradually exposed to fears
ANXIETY HIERARCHY
most popular
joseph wolpe
overexposure
too many of something at a time, the habit becomes unpleasant
so much of something, that you eventually get tired/sick of it
type of aversion therapy
aversion therapy
for example: you take smoking and associate that with something you don’t like and you don’t feel the urge to smoke so much anymore
habit is paired with something unpleasant and habit becomes unpleasant
token economy
you take desirable behaviors (like not smoking) and reward the behavior by giving a token, the token can then be exchanged for something else
cognitive therapy
to fix faulty thoughts
fix the thought processes that are irrational
ex: “the world is always a horrible place” → “the world can be mean at times, but it has many great things to offer.”
cognitive-behavioral therapy
CBT is used for thoughts (“nothing is going my way..”), behaviors (avoids others), and emotions (sadness)
it’s the interaction of all three and how they work together
most popular
used for depression and anxiety
aaron beck
albert ellis: rational emotive behavior therapy
