GA1 Final (copy)

What best describes a hypoblast?

It is a layer of low cuboidal cells

Ovulation occurs during which day of the menstrual cycle?

day 14

Which hormone is responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy?

progesterone

Which event occurs during the second week of development?

Formulation of bilaminar germ disc

The zygote is a direct result of:

fertilization

Implantation usually begins at about this time of human development

day 7

Expulsion of the secondary oocyte from a mature Graafian follicle in the ovary is triggered by which event?

Surge of LH production by pituitary gland

The kidneys are derived from which embryonic tissue:

Intermediate mesoderm

The notochordal process lengthens by migration of cells from the:

primitive streak/node

The amniotic cavity develops:

between the embryonic disc and trophoblast

Which tissue/structure is derived from the mesoderm?

vertebrae

The fetal period begins:

at the beginning of the ninth week

The usual site of fertilization is in the:

ampulla of the fallopian tube

During the third to fifth week of development, which mass of embryonic tissue breaks up into segmental pairs called somites?

paraxial mesoderm

Which event occurs during the second week of development?

formulation of a bilaminar embryonic disc

Which structure forms the primitive axis of the embryo and is the foundation for the development of the spinal column?

notochord

Sperm cells penetrate the zona pellucida, digesting a path by the action of enzymes released from its:

acrosome

What muscle is derived from the epimere?

deep back muscle

Which structure/organ is derived from the lateral plate mesoderm?

smooth muscle

When does a secondary oocyte complete its (second) meiotic division?

at fertilization

All automatic fibers (SP and PS) are considered:

GVE

Which somatic nerve plexus is derived from the ventral rami of C1-C4 spinal nerves?

cervical

Which type of nerve fiber causes contraction of skeletal muscle

GSE

Which functional type of nerve fiber carries electrical impulses coming from sensory receptors in a joint?

GSA

Which ganglion is part of the parasympathetic nervous system?

cranial ganglion

Large dimpling of the breast is caused by:

retraction of the suspensory ligaments

The xiphosternal junction is found at the level if __ vertebrae

T9/T10

The sternal angle is formed by the junction between the ___ and ___

manubrium and body of sternum

Which costal cartilage is found directly lateral to the sternal angle?

second costal cartilage

The jugular notch is found at which vertebral level?

T2

Which structure is found only in the superior mediastinum?

trachea

Which mediastinal structure is located in the superior mediastinum and posterior inferior mediastinum?

esophagus

The thoracic duct begins as a cystic dilatation at the vertebral level of:

L1/L2

Which is the first branch of the arch of the aorta?

brachiocephalic trunk

The azygos vein directly drains to:

superior vena cava

The visceral pleura is supplied by ___ fibers carried by the thoracic splanchnic nerves.

GVA

The phrenic nerve is derived from spinal nerves:

C3-C5

The trachea begins right below the:

cricoid cartilage

The lingula is part of the

upper lobe of the left lobe

The secondary bronchi are also known as the:

lobar bronchi

The ventral root of spinal nerves S2-S4 contains:

Both LMN fibers and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Which group of cranial nerves contains SVE fibers?

CN V, VII, IX, X

The cell bodies (somas) of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons can be located in the:

intramural ganglia

Which group of cranial nerves contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

CN III, VII, IX, and X

A function of a GSA fiber is to:

carry pain stimuli from bones, joints, and ligaments

The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve synapse with the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons located in:

ciliary ganglion

Which ganglion contains the cell bodies of the GVA and GSA nerve fibers?

dorsal root ganglion

Which group of cranial nerves contains SVA fibers?

CN I, VII, IX, and X

The preganglionic parasympathetic neurons have their somas located in the:

Brainstem nuclei and gray matter of spinal cord levels S2-S4

The white rami communicantes contain ____ nerve fibers and are found only at spinal levels ___

preganglionic sympathetic, T1-L2

The sacral plexus is formed by:

ventral rami of L4-S4

Which nerve fiber directly stimulates the arrector pili muscles, sweat glands, and the blood vessels in the skin?

postganglionic sympathetic fibers

The functions of GSE fibers is to:

convey motor impulses to skeletal muscle

The preganglionic sympathetic neurons have their somas located in:

lateral horns of T1-L2

Control of sweat glands in the palm of the hands is carried by:

GVE fibers of spinal nerve C6, C7, C8

The gallbladder is situated between the right lobe and the lobe of the liver

quadrate

The right lobe of the liver is located in which abdominal quadrant?

right upper quadrant

From the anterior view, the liver is anatomically divided into right and left lobes by the:

falciform ligament

Which ligament of the liver is an embryonic remnant of the umbilical vein?

ligamentum teres

Which vein sends blood to the liver that is rich in nutrients absorbed in the small intestine?

portal vein

What is the origin of the rectus abdominis muscle?

symphysis pubis

Which line represents the inferior edge or border of the posterior rectus sheath?

arcuate line

Which abdominal transverse plane is located midway between the jugular notch and the symphysis pubis?

transpyloric

Which abdominal region is located directly superior to the umbilical region?

epigastric

Which abdominal line is also the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle?

linea semilunaris

The azygos vein is formed by the union of the __ vein and right ascending lumbar vein.

Right subcostal

The hemiazygos vein receives the:

Left 9th -11th posterior intercostal and subcostal veins

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves synapse with neurons found in the ___ ganglia

Prevertebral

Which structure lies directly over the heads of the ribs?

sympathetic chain

What landmark is used in order to in order to differentiate between the superior and inferior mediastinum?

Sternal angle

In the thorax, the greater splanchnic nerves arise from which paravertebral ganglia?

T5-T9

What nerve can be seen wrapping under the aortic arch:

Left Recurrent Laryngeal

The right superior intercostal vein drains into the :

Azygos vein

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops underneath the aortic arch posterior to the:

Ligamentum arteriosum

Which structure is found only in the posterior inferior mediastinum?

Hemiazygos vein

The thoracic duct drains into which vein

Left brachiocephalic vein

Which artery is a visceral branch of the descending thoracic aorta?

Esophageal

A 50-year-old male complains of shortness of breath. Chest x-ray reveals shifting of the mediastinum to the right side of the thoracic cavity, collapse of the left lung, and presence of fluid level in the left hemithorax. The pleural fluid was aspirated. Laboratory analysis of the fluid shows it has a high fat or lipid content. Which structure is most likely ruptured or damaged in this patient?

Thoracic duct

Which structure contains preganglionic sympathetic fibers?

greater splanchnic nerves

Regarding anatomical relations, which structure/s is/are located posterior to the spleen?

9th to 11th ribs

The accessory pancreatic duct drains into which part of the duodenum?

descending

Which part of the pancreas is intraperitoneal?

tail of pancreas

The middle layer of the smooth muscle of the stomach is arranged in a fashion.

circular

The most superior part of the stomach is the:

fundus

The gallbladder receives sympathetic nerve supply through the _ nerve:

Greater splanchnic

The greater omentum attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the:

transverse colon

Which of these is an intraperitoneal organ?

stomach

Which is NOT a portosystemic anastomosis?

Hepatic veins and IVC

Regarding the liver, which statement is true?

The ligamentum venosum is located between its caudate and left lobes.

The nerve supply to the liver is through the celiac plexus. It contains which types of nerve fibers?

GVA, preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, &postganglionic sympathetic fibers

The superior and inferior boundaries of the epiploic foramen are the _ and _, respectively.

Caudate lobe of liver; duodenum

Which ligament contains the common bile duct, portal vein, and proper hepatic artery?

hepatoduodenal

Regarding blood flow through the liver, which of the following is in the correct sequence?

Portal vein to liver sinusoids to central venule to sublobular vein to hepatic veins to IVC

Which condition results from dilation of the anastomotic connection between the paraumbilical veins and the superficial epigastric veins?

Caput medusae

Which ligament connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall down to the level of the umbilicus?

Falciform ligament

Regarding the gallbladder, which statement is true?

It releases bile when stimulated by cholecystokinin.

During a cholecystectomy, the surgical resident clamped the hepatoduodenal ligament instead of the cystic artery. Which vessel was most likely clamped?

Proper hepatic artery

Which group of nerves provides sensory supply to the parietal peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall?

T7-L1

The lymphatic fluid coming from the small intestine flows towards the:

cisterna chyli

Which ligament is used by surgeons in determining the boundary between the duodenum and the jejunum?

ligament of Treitz