bio exam p1

Most nutrient absorption takes place in the ___.

Jejunum

What term is better to use than “cold-blooded” and “warm-blooded”?

Endothermic- cold and Ectothermic- warm

Because ammonia is toxic, it’s kept low in the body by ___.

Being converted to urea

All animals are heterotrophic.

True

Most herbivores lack cellulase, so they ___.

House bacteria and symbionts that produce cellulase

Order nitrogen wastes from least to most toxic.

Uric acid

→ Urea

→ Ammonia

Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction ___.

Requires less investment in attracting mates

During the —-phase blood enters the ventricles; during —— it exits.

Diastole; Systole

What’s unique about the bird respiratory system?

Nine air sacs, no dead air in lungs, highly efficient

Function of amylase.

Breaks down starch in the mouth

Three functions of semen.

Nourish, protect, and lubricate sperm

Two functions of the vagina.

Birth canal and site of ejaculation

First step of digestion.

Reception (ingestion of food)

Vessel that carries blood to the heart.

Vein

Vessel that has valves to prevent backflow.

Vein

Circulatory system of insects.

Open

Fish circulatory system.

Single circuit with a 2-chambered heart

Frogs use what type of respiration?

Cutaneous respiration (through skin)

Pigs use what type of pressure breathing?

Negative pressure

A complete digestive tract has ___.

Separate mouth and anus

Function of the rumen in ruminant animals.

Site of microbial fermentation (fermentation vat)

Function of the abomasum in ruminant animals.

True stomach where chemical digestion occurs

Define anaerobic metabolism.

Occurs in cytoplasm, yields less ATP, and is faster

Function of the crop in birds.

Temporary food storage when food is abundant

Primary site for water and mineral absorption.

Large intestine

Function of the liver

Produces bile salts that break down fats into lipids

In amphibians and reptiles, oxygenated blood is found where?

Left atrium and mixed in a common ventricle

During a lioness’s hunt, what happens to her blood vessels?

Arterioles in limb muscles dilate to increase blood flow

Nitrogenous waste order from least to most energetically expensive.

Ammonia →

Urea →

Uric acid

A freshwater trout placed in saltwater would ___.

Lose water and appear shriveled

Three steps of excretory system (earliest to latest).

Filtration → Reabsorption → Secretion

Advantage of asexual reproduction

Allows rapid population growth

Three membranes of the amniotic egg.

Amnion, Allantois, Chorion

The pituitary gland is composed of how many glands?

Two

Function of the pineal gland.

Regulates melatonin and sleep-wake cycles

Function of the pancreas.

Regulates blood glucose using insulin and glucagon

Function of the thyroid gland.

Regulates metabolism, heart rate, and digestion

Function of the testes.

Produce androgens (testosterone) for male reproduction

Function of the ovaries.

Produce estrogen and progesterone for female reproduction

Function of antagonistic hormones.

Two hormones with opposite effects (e.g., insulin and glucagon)