'25_APEURO_WWIEND

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

A peace treaty that ended World War I and imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

Woodrow Wilson's Idealism

Wilson advocated for a peace without victors, focusing on self-determination and national sovereignty.

Big Four

The major Allied powers at the Paris Peace Conference: the United States, Great Britain, France, and Italy.

War Guilt Clause

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which placed full blame for the war on Germany.

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, who advocated for a radical overthrow of the government.

Provisional Government in Russia

A temporary government established after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II during the February Revolution.

October Revolution (1917)

The second phase of the Russian Revolution that led to the Bolsheviks seizing power.

Civil War in Russia (1918-1921)

The conflict between the Red Army (Bolsheviks) and the White Army (anti-Bolsheviks) following the 1917 revolution.

Dawes Plan (1924)

An agreement that reduced reparations owed by Germany and provided loans from American banks.

Great Depression

A global economic downturn that began in 1929 and was marked by high unemployment and deflation.

Stakhanovite Movement

An initiative in the Soviet Union promoting workers who exceeded production targets, inspired by miner Alexei Stakhanov.

Nuremberg Laws (1935)

Laws enacted in Nazi Germany that stripped Jews of citizenship and imposed racial purity measures.

Kristallnacht (1938)

A pogrom against Jews in Nazi Germany, involving the destruction of synagogues and Jewish businesses.

Final Solution

The Nazi plan for the systematic extermination of the Jewish people, developed at the Wannsee Conference.

Hyperinflation in Germany

A period in the early 1920s when the German mark became worthless due to excessive printing of money.

Fascism

A far-right political ideology characterized by authoritarianism, nationalism, and suppression of opposition.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's policy that allowed some private enterprise and market flexibility to revive the Soviet economy.

Collectivization

Stalin's policy of consolidating individual peasant farms into state-controlled enterprises.

Gulags

Forced labor camps in the Soviet Union where millions were imprisoned and many died.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of the Nazi Party and Chancellor of Germany, known for his totalitarian regime and instigating World War II.

Appeasement

A diplomatic strategy of making concessions to an aggressor in hopes of avoiding conflict.

Vichy France

The French government that collaborated with Nazi Germany after France's defeat in 1940.

Operation Barbarossa

The code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Battle of Stalingrad

A turning point in WWII where the Soviet Union decisively defeated Hitler's forces.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used by the Allies in the Pacific during WWII to capture strategic islands.

Atlantic Charter (1941)

A joint declaration by the US and UK that outlined goals for the post-war world.

Socialist Realism

Artistic style promoted in the Soviet Union focusing on social class themes and glorifying communism.

Militarism

The belief that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively.

Czar Nicholas II

The last emperor of Russia, abdicated during the February Revolution of 1917.

Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia

Countries involved in the Little Entente, a defensive alliance against Hungary.

League of Nations

An international organization established after WWI to promote peace but ultimately failed to prevent WWII.

Stalin's Five-Year Plans

Series of national economic goals set by Joseph Stalin to rapidly industrialize the Soviet economy.

War Communism

Lenin's economic policy during the Russian Civil War that centralized control of the economy.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews, which was a significant factor in Nazi ideology.

Lend-Lease Act (1940)

US legislation that allowed the government to provide military aid to foreign nations during WWII.

Battle of Britain (1940)

An air campaign waged by the German Luftwaffe against the United Kingdom during WWII.

Rasputin

A Russian mystic and advisor to the Romanov family, whose influence contributed to the downfall of the monarchy.

Hyperinflation

An extremely high and typically accelerating inflation rate, often resulting in a currency losing its value.

Petrograd Soviet

A council of workers' and soldiers' deputies in Russia that acted as a dual power with the Provisional Government.

Mensheviks

A faction of the Russian social democratic movement that opposed the Bolsheviks' radical tactics.

Black Shirts

Paramilitary units of the Italian Fascist Party, known for their violent enforcement of Mussolini's policies.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

An international agreement that attempted to eliminate war as a tool of foreign policy.