'25_APEURO_WWIEND
end of european “golden age”
treaty of versailles (1919)
goals of big four
gb
empire and resuming econ leadership
italy
wanted to be taken seriously as a major power
wanted territory in adriatic that was promised by gb and fr
secret treaty in exchange for participation in war
france
revenge
payment for war damages
guarantee that gem won’t be able to attack again
us
great war to end all wars
idealism
peace without victors
woodrow wilson
abhorred war
19th century political liberalism
war was a result of any other govt besides democracy
balance of power failed
liberal ideas can make a more peaceful world
Apr 14
woodrow boy treated as a hero in paris
streets, libraries named after bro
1st time usa pres left country in office
italians worshipped him loll
germ role at big 4 conference
not involved
was told by evb to wait outside while the guys talk 👅
war guilt clause
germ has no choice basically
basically it’s all germ’s fault and they have to pay the entire cost of the war for allies
military restricted
100k troops
volunteer only
no draft
no air force
navy
12 ships
no submarines
loss of land
bye alsace-lorraine, polish corridor
saar (lots o coal/iron) leased to fr (no choice)
demilitarized rhineland as buffer state
overseas colonies taken
national self determination
hugs kisses bye simple map
USA did not join league of nations
woodrow boy wanted to but senate didn’t do their god given job unamused emoji
treaty of versailles (1919)
more zionism
help moving jewish people to palestine without disturbing palestinians
wonder if that held up.
russian revolutions of 1917
1st one (feb/march 1917)
causes
peasant conditions
ww1
8 mil of 15 mil soldiers unable to fight or are dead
broken econ resulting in food and fuel shortages
rasputin?
czar nicholas ii son
hemophiliac
february revolution
march 8
international womens day
march 10
general strike
no one working
czar called upon army to put down strike
army not loyal
czar abdicated
left capital to go to gb to exile
end of russian monarchy and romanov dynasty
provisional government was established
duma
leader of assemply and provisional government
plans for an assembly to write a constitution for russia
democracy for russia looked like it was on the horizon
major parties
cadets
liberals
menshaviks
moderate marxists (center leftists)
akin to german spd
socialist revolutionaries
peasant based marxist party
wanted equitable redistribution of land
bolsheviks
social democrats
radical marxists
only way to fix the world is revolution
in general, all parties except bolsheviks got along
they just want revolution’
the petrograd soviet
shadow government
soviet
russian word for council
originally an effort for direct democracy
bolsheviks made them a way to organize a way against the czar
once czar was gone, duma
bolsheviks used violence against capitalism and duma supporters
petrograd order #1
russians, obey provisional government
UNLESS petrograd soviet givse an order that contradicts them
then obey us
vladimir lenin (1870-1924)
marx theory of stages of history
feudalism, capitalism, communism
russia hadn’t gone through capitalist phase so lenin changed the theory
lenin said the state is a useful too
lets seize it and use it to institute the “dictatorship of the proletariat”
state is the dominant econ class writing its prefs into law
october revolution
meeting of the duma
armed men showed up to provide security
mostly bolsheviks
sent duma home
seized key communication points
kerensky (head of duma) couldn’t find loyal army units
went into exile
bolshevik slogan
peace! land! bread!
need to get out of ww1!
treaty of brest-litovsk (march 20 1918)
russia was forced to give up all land west of the red line
did not go into affect due to the germans losing the war
civil war (1918-21)
red
bolsheviks
leader: leon trotsky
white
everyone else.
mixture of aristcrats, czarists, liberals, peasants, some SRs, menshaviks
supported militarily by us, gb, fr, jpn
AQ (after quiz)
France
actions against germ ticked off g.b. who didn’t wanna enforce treaty of versailles
little entente
czechoslovakia, romania, yugoslavia
C.R.Y.
in germany
printing money to make things easy!
hyper inflation.
inflation is a nuisance, deflation is a catastrophe
dawes plan (1924)
reparations temp reduced
800 million marks loan from us banks
new currency introduced
young plan (1929)
reduced reparations by 20%
additional loans from us banks
germany coming out on top.. ish
us should just forgive the debt because everyone else already paid in bloodshed and treasure
us was really only fighting for 6 months
what is america?
challenges to british empire?
dominion status
australia (1901), south africa (1910)
eastern europe
ussr isolated
econ shut off
animal farm
aus hung empire broken up
new countries fend for themselves
once unified, now several national econs
supplies and currencies disrupter
more eastern euro
poland
jewish people, germans, lithuanians, ukrainians
diff politicala nd legal systems (germ, aus, rus)
democracy gave way to military dictatorship
1926
austria
austrofascism
italy under mussolini basically
a bit more catholic
assassinations
outlawed oppositions to “fatherland front” and other political parties
hungary
soviet repub of hung
econ stagnation
rigged elections
romania, bulgaria, greece
royal dictatorships
yugoslavia
royal dictatorship
‘southern slavia’
all political parties besides communism were based on ethnicity
czechoslovakia
strong industry
tradition of liberalism
foreign policy
the spirit of locarno (1925)
germany joined league of nations
french agreed to put troops out of rhineland 5 years earlier than expected
italy and g.b. guaranteed french-german border
italy taken seriously as a big power
kellogg-briand pact (1928)
outlawed war as an instrument of national policy
big trouble in little italy
cultural and econ differences between north and south
unification made italy, but not italians
south politically and econ backward
slow industrialization
resistance of rcc
political instability
benito mussolini
former socialist newspaper editor
turned hard right during ww1
fought in war
fascism
fasces
bundle of sticks (👀) accompanied by an axe
power over life-and-death; strength in groups
anti democratic
anti parliamentary
therefore authoritarian
traditional values
women in private sphere
women for reproduction only
middle class and property
traditional christianity
catholicism
anti marxist
because of ussr, also class conflict
if class conflict, no national unity
anti foreigner
especially jewish peopleee
not too anti semitic until ww2
ultra nationalist
italy above EVERYTHING
the state is all
italian fascism
“believe!, obey!, fight!”
black shirts
clothing that ties us all together
one of us, one of us, one of us
march on rome
black shirts marching from town to town
fighting
mussolini rode in a private car
once close enough to a town, would get out and act like a leader
went to king
king had no spine, mussolini now in power.
what did fascists do in power?
outlawed political opposition parties
one party state.
you have to be a fascist now
cabinet ministers responsible to mussolini
not to parliament
unlike g.b, france
Il Duce’s Cult of Personality
mussolini is right!
we are winning and will continue to win1
“make italy great again”
“lactation nation”
Pact of Steel (19239
hitler and mussolini
weimer germany: failure of liberal democracy
problems
reparations
war guilt clause
loss of territory
slow econ
opposition to parliamentary republic
far right
kapp putsch
far left
spartacists (communists)
adolph hitler (1889-1945)
gap see: “weimar germany” slideshow
economic recovery
confiscation of jewish property
central planning for economy (communism core) but private property protected
no strikes allowed
public works projects
autobahn
cool highways basically
anti-communism in the nazi party
converting the nsdap from a working class party to a middle class one
protect private property!
basicallyyyyy because of the sponsors being rich rich rich
krupps
publicly criticizing ussr and stalin
linked communism with jewish people
nazism summary ish
EXTREME, military focused nationalism
worship everything german
hitler is a superman!!!!
anti-communism
one party state
fuhrerprinzip
national unity only available through mindless obedience to the fuhrer (leader)
hmmm italy?
violence is natural and clean!
gets rid of everything bad
foreign opinion of hitler
is nazism the future?
people didn’t believe jewish people were being treated awfully
british propaganda of cruel germany in wwi made others skeptical
great depression
the great depression was characterized by deflation (rise in the value of money)
inflation (decline in the value of money)
causes
international finance and debt
american credit/investment and stock market crash
stock market crashed, bank runs
hey tulips?!
bank failures, no deposit insurance
government responses
ussr
cut itself off from world
animal farm irl guys
germany
econ hardships help hitler!!
current govt is awful so pick me choose me love me
usa
fdr and new deal
counter-revolution
whites
aristocrats, far rights, liberals, peasants
everyone not a bolshevik, basically
supported by usa, gb, fr, and jpn
lots of peasants revolteddd
lenin’s war communism
lenin and bolshevik efforts to meet emergency of counter-rev
centralize econ
no surplus food
given to govt
bad bad bad results
czarist and liberal russia bye bye
1922, ussr hello!
union of soviet socialist republics
pravda
truth in russian
official newspaper of the ussr
NEP
new. economic. policy.
compromise with (free market) capitalism
left the commanding heights of the economy under control of the state
banking
communications
telephone, telegraph, radio
steel
transport
the rest is free enterprise
peasants, do what u want!
very successful!!!
good for communism!
animal farm w
1921-29 NEP
industrial protection
food production increased
living standards rose
shorter work hours
increased wages
secret police and censorship relaxed
lenin death
no successor
struggle to control ussr
trotsky and stalin
trotsky
worldwide revolution
stalin
build socialism in one country first, concentrate on ussr
power struggle
trotsky
communist international (comintern
use communist name
accept moscow’s leadership
reject revisionism/reformism
only marxism-only revolution!
stalin won the power struggle
chased trotsky out of the country
josef stalin (1879-1953)
the death of one man is a tragedy, the death of millions is a statistic
not russian
georgian
studied to be orthodox priest
turned to communism and joined bolsheviks
robbed a lot of banks and spent time in czarist prisons
important member of the party, but not in the inner circle of lenin and trotsky
socialism in one country?
rapid, forced collectivization of agriculture
peasants forced to surrender land to the state, usually at gunpoint
rapid, forced industrialization
five year plan
total state planning of the economy
state determined production
what will be produced
how much will be produced
prices and wages
ambitious production targets set
falsification of stats very common
still, econ gains very successful!
liquidation of ‘kulaks’
kulaks
peasants who were a bit well off
is actually an insult meaning ‘tight fisted’
stalin wanted to get rid of them
thought they were the revolting ones
ussr successful in econ growth but at the cost of lives
gulags
labour-prison camps supplemented industrial and agri workforces
some people imprisoned for real things
others not
economy geared to produce capital goods
steel, factory machinery, tractors
few consumer goods
factories dangerous
peasants (prev farmers) not used to factory work
achievements
illiteracy reduced from 50% to 20%
uni education available to more
assistance to working mothers
free hospitals
improved healthcare
costs
millions of deaths
famines and purges
repressive and arbitrary
economic freedom almost wiped out
the arts were taken over by government and mainly turned into propaganda and glorification of ussr and stalin
alexei stakhanov (1906-1977)
coal miner
performed feats of labour
or so it was said?
stakhanovite movement
workers attempting to emulate stakhanov’s work ethic
inspiration for boxer in animal farm
the great terror (1936-38)
stalin eliminated sources of opposition to his plans
real enemies and imaginary enemies
women
1920s
women gained right to vote
divorce and property + custody laws
abortion legalized
women equal partners in revolutionary struggle
1920s
women forced back into private sphere
divorce difficult to obtain
abortion outlawed
factory labour and care of the house fell on women completely
“the second shift”
art for propaganda
“socialist realism”
in 1920s, art focused on class and group work
1930s under stalin, shifted to glorification of ussr and stalin
GAP. (mainly wwii slides)
end of 3rd french republic
‘liberty equality fraternity’ turned into ‘work family fatherland’
free french, la resistance, les collaborateurs
free french
french who were abroad or escaped and supported govt of charles de gaulle
la resist
french inside france who resisted germ and vichy rule
often communists and trade unionists
collaborators
supporters of the new govt
germ offered uk a generous peace
uk keep empire, germ gets continent
churchill refused
wwii early axis success
battle of britain
initial bombing of industrial targets
london blitz for 57 days
15k dead
raf (radar) vs nazi luftwaffe
op sea lion
code name of german invasion op
called off when germans didn’t gain superiority
uk stood alone in early 1941
churchill and fdr lend lease act (1940)
helping uk with money money money
hitler attacked soviet union 😭
nahh what de frick
op barbarossa
codename for medieval hre
japanese militarism
1931 invasion of manchuria
1937-41 jpn seizure of lots of the rest of china
us embargo of jpn
jpn has few natural resources
us refused to sell oil and things to jpn
us entered the war
MY BDAY.
pearl harbor
2k casualties
pacific fleet heavily destroyed
female sniper 400 conf kills
japan
took
philippines
guam
honk kong
java
sumatra
sunk
us aircraft carrier
lexington
primary turning points
battle of midway 1942
jpn wanted to destroy us aircraft carriers @ pearl harb
then force us to sign peace treaty
lost 4 carriers, jpn lost
battle of stalingrad
axis
850k wounded, killed, captures
500 tanks
900 aircraft
allies
1.3 mil wounded, killed, captured
4k tanks
3k aircraft
major turning point
germ losses could not be replaced
could no longer launch large scale attacks
failed to take oil fields
forced industrialization of 30s
1928-1941 ussr
output of civilian industries
grew 2.6x
munitions output
grew 70x
no longer primarily agrarian
rapid, forced industrialization
culturally and socially brutal, but it worked
produced industrial economy capable of replenishing the supplies of a large army and air for a long war
golly, i wonder how that works..
resistance of red army and soviet citizens
soviets willing to have high losses
military losses
~1 mil killed
~2 mil wounded
civilian losses
~1 mil
soviet production ahead of germ after 1941
turning tide (1942)
mussolini removed from power (1943)
executed by italian resistance in 1945 at fall of germany
island hopping
no front line
primarily aircraft and ships
allies (primarily us) took islands
then built airstrips on them
not all islands, just smart ones to monopolize fighting
blue: jpn
building peace
atlantic charter (1941)
plans for the un
1945 hitler suicide
+ goebbels
goals of homefront
how to keep up morale?
how to provide for people during war
how to produce things needed for war?
france
petain and vichy france
fascism
60k jewish people deported
the holocaust
unusual how?
large scale
systematic nature
carried out by people you wouldn’t usually consider criminals
civil servants in govt
causes
anti semitism in europe
christian anti semitism common for more than 1500 yrs
jewish ppl often blamed for crop failures and diseases (black death)
jewish ppl forced to live in specific parts of a city
christians prohibited from lending money for interest
jewish people were bankers and tax collectors
not popular people
nuremburg laws (1935)
jewish ppl stripped of citizenship and forced to wear yellow star
racial purity
no marriage or sex between jewish people and non jewish people
some jewish businesses forced to close
allowed to operate by hiring a non jewish manager
kristallnacht (1938)
jewish businesses and synagogues burned
several hundred jewish ppl killed
30k imprisoned in camps
the final solution (developed 1938-42)
for the “jewish question”
wannsee conference (1942)
creation of a plan to destroy european jewish people, systematically
created by germ leadership
hitler, himmler, heydrick, göring, etc
many jewish ppl already killed
mostly in poland and rus in pogroms and by death squads
others persecuted
romani people
homosexuals
anyone who disagreed with nazism
einsatzgruppen
mobile killing units
industrial death
work and starve prisoners to death
work camps, not just extermination camps