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what is a tensile force?
a force that produces an extension and causes tensile deformation
what is a compressive force?
a force that shortens an object and cause compressive deformation
what does the force-extension graph look like for a normal helical spring?
a diagonal straight line starting from the origin, where the spring elastically deforms and obeys Hooke’s law
then a curved section where the spring plastically deforms
what is elastic deformation?
when the material returns to its original size and shape when the force is removed
what is plastic deformation?
the material experiences permanent structural changes and does not return to original size and shape when force is removed
what is Hooke’s law?
when the force is less than the elastic limit of the spring, the extension is directly proportional to force applied
what is the equation linking force and extension or compression?
F=kx where k is the force constant or stiffness constant
the larger the force constant, the stiffer the spring
what is the gradient of a force-extension graph?
the spring constant or stiffness constant
when can the work done on a spring be recovered?
if the material is compressed or extended without going beyond its elastic limit
why can’t the work done/energy be recovered if the material has gone through plastic deformation?
because some of the work done on the material has gone into moving its atoms to new positions
what is the area under the force-extension graph?
work done in stretching the material, which is transferred to elastic potential energy
what are two equations for the elastic potential energy?
E= (1/2)Fx (half times average force times final extension)
E= (1/2)kx2 (half times stiffness constant times extension squared)
what is the spring constant for springs in parallel?
just add them together lmao
what is the spring constant for springs in series?
1/K = 1/K1 + 1/K2……..
