AP Euro - Unit 2: Protestant Reformation & Thirty Years War

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517

Johan Tetzel

1517 AD. Sold indulgences to help pay for St. Peter's Basilica. "Whenever a coin in the coffers rings

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Zwingli

A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia

Mary Tudor

Queen who succeeded Edward VI and attempted to return Catholicism to England by persecuting Protestants; "Bloody Mary"

Elizabeth I

Queen of England

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head

justification by faith

Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation

95 Theses

written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire

Schmalkald League

League of German Lutheran princes allied to resist the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

consubstantiation

Lutheran doctrine of the Eucharist: after consecration

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church

Counter-Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. Reaffirmed doctrine

predestination

Calvin's doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand

Phillip II

King of Spain

Revolt of the Netherlands

The nobles in the Netherlands made a league to check the Spanish influence and to make a petition so Spain would not have a inquisition

Council of Troubles

was the special tribunal instituted on September 9

Dutch East India Co.

The East India Company of the Netherlands that was established to create trade throughout Asia. It became wealthier than England's company and eventually dominated the region.

Catherine de' Medici

Was the wife of Henry II. She acted as regent during the reign of her three weak and ineffective sons - Francis II (1559-60) Charles IX (1560-74) Henry III (1574-89).

Duke of Guise

led the french to victory over Germany at Metz in 1552. He captured Calais from the English. He was one of the leaders of the French Wars of Religion

Henry of Navarre

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty

Admiral de Coligny

member of French nobility who was leader of Huguenots

Richelieu

This French Cardinal served as an advisor to Louis XIII and helped make the French King an absolute monarch

Louis XIII

French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

politiques

moderates of both religious faiths who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse

Edict of Nantes

This was the document published by Henry IV that granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to the Huguenots

parlements

law courts in France

Gustavus Adolphus

This was the king of Sweden who led a highly disciplined force into Northern Germany and turned the tide against the Hapsburgs in the 30 Years War.

King Christian of Denmark

Was the king of Denmark during the 30 Years War; Denmark was defeated by the Holy Roman Empire

Bohemia

Protestant kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire where the people defied their new ruler who tried to close down Protestant churches and the location of the first phase of the Thirty Years War

defenestration of Prague

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

battle of White Mountain

Great Catholic victory in the Bohemian phase which dealt a crushing blow to Fredrick V's power.

Edict of Restitution

Imperial law that prohibited all Calvinist worship and restored Catholic ownership of land stolen by the Protestant Princes of the Reformation.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648