Human bio things to work on

What are articular discs in joints called in the knee?

Menisci (singular: meniscus)

What is the function of bursae in synovial joints?

To help reduce friction between bones and ligaments/tendons or bone and skin.

What do accessory ligaments do in joints?

Hold bones together and resist extreme movements that may damage the joint.

What is the main waste product of cellular respiration in the blood?

Carbon dioxide.

In what form is 70% of carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

As bicarbonate ions.

What type of blood cell combines with carbon dioxide to form carbaminohaemoglobin?

Red blood cells.

What is the primary role of the semilunar valves in the heart?

To prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles when they relax.

What do the atrioventricular valves prevent in the heart?

They ensure blood flows only in one direction between atria and ventricles.

What happens to bicarbonate ions during the process of gas exchange in the lungs?

They revert back to carbon dioxide.

What are the components involved in white blood cell phagocytosis?

Detection of bacteria, engulfing bacteria, and fusion with lysosomes.

What is the purpose of transfusing whole blood?

To address severe traumatic hemorrhage.

What can happen if a person with blood type B receives blood type A?

An immune reaction called agglutination will occur.

What type of joint is classified as fibrous?

Fixed or immovable joints, such as the skull.

What distinguishes cartilaginous joints from synovial joints?

Cartilaginous joints allow slight movement, while synovial joints are freely movable.

What are muscle fibers held together in?

Bundles called fascicles.

What are myofibrils made from?

Smaller myofilaments made of proteins.

In spongy bone, what allows nutrients to reach osteocytes?

Diffusion through canaliculi from capillaries.

What is the main characteristic of hyaline cartilage?

Closely packed collagen fibers that provide support with flexibility.

What type of cartilage contains easily seen elastic fibers?

Elastic cartilage.

What type of cartilage is highly compressible and great for weight-bearing areas?

Fibrocartilage.

What is muscle tone?

Maintaining partial contraction of skeletal muscles to hold body parts in position.