CSP FINAL NOTES (2ND SEM, GR11)

Culture

The shared beliefs, practices, values, and knowledge learned within a society.

Biological Capacity for Culture

The primary biological component for humans that allows for culture is the developed brain.

Thinking Capacity

Humans have a larger brain weighing 1.4 kg, compared to chimpanzees' 420 grams and gorillas' 500 grams.

Speaking Capacity

The brain comprehends sound and provides meaning, with the vocal tract producing sounds to transmit ideas and values.

Hyoid Bone

A crucial bone for speaking that supports the roots of the tongue.

Gripping Capacity

The capacity of the human hand to grip items with straight digits compared to other primates' curved digits.

Power Grip

A type of grip that enables humans to wrap the thumb and fingers around an object.

Precision Grip

A grip that enables humans to hold and pick objects steadily using their fingers.

Bipedalism

The capacity to walk and stand on two feet.

Neolithic Evolution

Characterized by a major shift from foraging to agriculture, changing early human behaviors and attitudes.

Paleolithic Stage

Provided the basis for the development of complex human groups through the establishment of culture.

Early Civilizations

Rose by the end of the Neolithic period, requiring rigid social structures to manage varied sector perspectives.

State

A political entity characterized by territory, sovereignty, people, and government.

Divine Right Theory

Belief that rulers ascend to power based on their relationship with supernatural forces.

Force Theory

Belief that a group forces members of another group to submit to their rules.

Paternalistic Theory

Belief that the father is the leader of the first political unit, expanding as family size grows.

Social Contract Theory

Belief that a state is created by mutual agreement for order and security.

Natural Theory

Belief that humans have an innate need to be part of a community.

UNESCO

Primary entity managing matters related to human heritage, encompassing both material and living expressions.

Movable Tangible Heritage

Heritage pieces often removed from their locations and transferred to museums for safekeeping.

Immovable Tangible Heritage

Heritage pieces that remain exposed to nature's elements, such as churches and national parks.

Museums

Repositories of archaeological finds allowing contemporary access to ancient cultures and environments.

Politics

Activities through which people make, preserve, and amend general rules for living.

Power

The ability to achieve a desired outcome.

Authority

The legitimate power or right of a person recognized as a leader.

Bonds, Tribes, Chiefdoms, States

The four types of sociopolitical organizations identified by Elman Service.

Bands

The simplest political organization consisting of 20-50 kinship-related individuals.

Tribes

Political organization with segmentary lineages and leaders chosen based on skills related to economic activity.

Chiefdoms

More complex than tribes, consisting of communities under the power of a leader with social stratification.

Nation

A group of people sharing a common language, history, culture, and geographic location.

Territory

Geographic space where a state's sovereignty is exercised.

Sovereignty

The capacity of a political system to make independent decisions within its territory.

Internal Sovereignty

The ability to implement rules and policies within a territory.

External Sovereignty

Recognition of a system's existence by other actors.

Government

Personnel managing state affairs and allocating scarce values.

Legislative Branch

Performs law-making functions within a government.

Executive Branch

Performs law-application functions and led by the President.

Judicial Branch

Responsible for adjudication and settling legal controversies.

People

Individuals constituting a community or state, synonymous with a nation.

Authority and Legitimacy

A leader's power depends on the followers' recognition.

Max Weber

Sociologist who identified types of authority: traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational.

Nuclear Family

Composed of a father, mother, and children in a recognized union.

Family of Orientation

The family in which one is born and raised.

Family of Procreation

Formed through marriage or adoption.

Extended Family

Consists of two or more nuclear families related socially and economically.

Reconstituted Family

Formed when previous spouses remarry and create a new family with children from past marriages.

Patrilocal Residence

Requires the newly married couple to live near the groom's family.

Matrilocal Residence

Requires the newly married couple to live near the wife's family.

Bilateral Descent

Affiliates a person with relatives through both father and mother.

Patriarchal Family

Authority is under the oldest male member, typically the father.

Matriarchal Family

Authority is vested in the mother or her kin.

Monogamy

Allows one spouse at a time.

Political Dynasty

Continuous political rule of one family, often based on kinship ties.

Traditional Leadership

Authority based on custom and tradition.

Charismatic Leadership

Authority based on an individual's personal appeal and extraordinary traits.

Legal-Rational Leadership

Authority based on established laws and rules.

Neolithic Evolution

The transitional period when humans adopted agriculture, leading to settled communities.

State

A political entity with a defined territory, population, government, and sovereignty.

Political Organizations

Elman Service's classification of political systems from simple to complex.

Requirements of a State

Territory, population, government, and sovereignty.

Characteristics of a Family

1. must have a child

2. must have a parent

3. may not be married

4. same sex is allowed

5. is a socioeconomic unit