CSP FINAL NOTES (2ND SEM, GR11)

HUMAN EVOLUTION AND CULTURE

CULTURE

• The shared beliefs, practices, values, and knowledge learned within a society 

BIOLOGICAL CAPACITY FOR CULTURE

• The primary biological component for humans that allows for culture is the developed brain 

THINKING CAPACITY 

• Compared with other primates, humans have a larger brain, weighing 1.4 kg. 

• Chimpanzees have a brain only weighing 420 grams, and gorillas’ brains being 500 grams 

SPEAKING CAPACITY 

• As the brain is the primary source of a human’s capacity to comprehend sound and provide meaning to it, the vocal tract acts as the mechanism by which sounds are produced and reproduced to transmit ideas and values 

HYOID BONE

• This bone is crucial for speaking as it supports the roots of the tongue 

• (Hogenboom, 2023)

GRIPPING CAPACITY 

• This is the capacity of a human hand to grip items. 

• The hand of a human has digits that are straight, as compared with the curved ones of other primates. 

POWER GRIP

• Type of grip that enabled humans to wrap the thump and fingers on an object 

PRECISION GRIP 

• Type of grip that enabled humans to hold and pick objects steadily using their fingers. 

WALKING/STANDING CAPACITY 

• Capacity for humans to walk and stand 

BIPEDALISM

• This is the capacity to walk and stand on two feet 

QUADRUPEDALISM 

• The use of all four limbs to walk and stand 

SEMI-PIDEBALISM

• The ability to use either 4 or 2 limbs to stand and walk 

PROCESSES OF CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL EVOLUTION

• In reference to cultural formation, the Paleolithic stage has provided the bases for the development of complex human groups through the establishment of culture

• By the end of the Paleolithic period, Earth was getting warmer as the Ice Age was already at its last stages. 

• The early humans have always been dependent on their environment, which made foraging the primary mode of subsistence 

NEOLITHIC EVOLUTION 

• This period is characterized by a major shift in economic subsistence of the early humans from foraging to agriculture

• The shift itself changed the entire array of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and corresponding material interventions 

EARLY CIVILIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE STATE

• The earliest civilizations rose by the end of the Neolithic period as the complexities brought about by the shift in food production demanded a more rigid social structure that would manage the opposing perspectives of various sectors 

CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

• characterized by the presence of city-states, a system of writing, and a ceremonial center where public debates and decisions were made 

STATE

• This is a political entity that has four requisite elements: territory, sovereignty, people, and a government 

• There are 5 primary theories as to how states rose 

DIVINE RIGHT THEORY

• This is the theory that believes that rules ascended to power convinced that their right to rule is based on their filial relationship with supernatural forces and entities. 

FORCE THEORY

• This is the theory that believes that a group forces members of another group to subject themselves to their rules 

PATERNALISTIC THEORY

• This is the theory that believes that the father is the leader of the first political unit, which grew as the number of of the members of his family grew. 

SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY 

• This is the theory that believes that the creation of a state was a mutual agreement between the ruler and the ruled to ensure order and security from outside threats

NATURAL THEORY

• This theory believes that humans have an innate need to be part of a community 

THE LEGACY OF EARLY HUMANS TO CONTEMPORARY POPULATION

UNESCO

• The primary transitional entity that manages and negotiates matters of relation to human heritage 

• “Cultural heritage is not limited to material manifestations, such as monuments and objects that have been preserved over time. This notion also encompasses living expressions and the traditions that countless groups and communities worldwide have inherited from their ancestors to transmit to their descendants, in most cases, orally”

MOVABLE TANGIBLE HERITAGE PIECES

• These types of heritage pieces are often removed from the sites where they were found and transferred to museums for safekeeping and maintenance

IMMOVABLE TANGIBLE HERITAGE PIECES

• These are heritage pieces that are often left to the elements of nature, which makes them vulnerable to decay and corrosion

• Examples of these are:

  • Churches

  • Banaue Rice Terraces 

  • National Parks 

THE ROLE OF MUSEUMS IN PRESERVING HUMAN HERITAGE

MUSEUMS 

• These are the repository of archaeological finds that allow people from the contemporary period to reconstruct the culture and environment of their ancestors 

• Because history is encapsulated in here, ordinary people get to have access to their ancestors’ lives and environment without traveling to archaeological sites, which are highly inaccessible 

• Some examples of museums include the MET, Casa Gorordo, etc. 

POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURE

POLITICS

• Activities through which people make, preserve, abd amend the general rules under which they live 

POWER

• This is the ability to do something in order to achieve a desired outcome 

AUTHORITY

• This is the legitimate power or right that a person has to recognize as a leader 

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

• Refers to any entity that is participating in a political proscess 

ELMAN SERVICE

• A political anthropologist that identified 4 types of sociopolitical organizations:

  • Bonds

  • Tribes

  • chiefdoms 

  • States

BANDS

• This is the least complex form of political organization, as it has neither a rigid form of governance nor the structured form of leadership

• This comprises 20-50 individuals who are usually related to one another by kinship 

• This society is chiefly based on foraging, which is also known as hunting and gathering

• Decision-making is made by the entire group, with the eldest member acting as the facilitator 

• Egalitarian in social composition 

• Reciprocity is primary form of exchange among members 

TRIBES

• This political organization consists of segmentary lineages 

• This type of kinship is marked by loyalty per family cluster or segment. 

• Most are either horticultural or pastoral 

• The leaders are chosen based on special skills or aptitudes that relate to economic activity 

• The segmented nature of their social dynamic allows for an economic system that uses the redistribution of commodities among social segments through the process of tribute

CHIEFDOMS

• This is more complex than a tribe, as it consists of a few local communities who subscribe to the power of a leader 

• Similar to a tribe, this political organization is tied with horticulturalism and pastoralism 

• The same economic process of redistribution through tribute collection is practiced here, just like in a tribe 

• What distinguishes this from the others is the existence of social stratification, which segregates society into the elite and the commoner

NATION

• A group of people with a common language, history, culture, and geographic location 

STATE

• An association of people that are characterized by independent formal institutions of power

ELEMENTS OF A STATE

• PEOPLE

• GOVERNMENT 

• SOVEREIGNTY 

• TERRITORY

TERRITORY

• This is the geographic space in which the sovereignty of a state is exercised 

1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE 1:

• The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around regardless of their breadth and dimensions, from part of the internal waters of the Philippines

SOVEREIGNTY

• The capacity of a political system to make independent decisions within its territory 

INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY 

• Refers to the capacity of a political system to implement its rules and policies within its territory 

EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY 

• Refers to the recognition of that system’s existence and authority by other actors and systems

GOVERNMENT

• The set of personnel who manage the affairs of the state in its act of allocating scarce values 

• Its existence is dictated by the political system that it revolves on

• The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein power is equally divided among its three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

• This branch of government performs law-making functions 

ARTICLE VI SECTION 1 OF THE 1987 CONSITUTION

• Legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines

SENATE

• Composed of 24 senators who shall be elected at by the qualified votesof the Philippines, as may be provided by law. 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

• Shall be composed of not more than 250, 20 percent of whom must be Party-list representatives

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

• Perform law-application functions

ARTICLE VII SECTION 1 OF THE 1987 CONSITUTION

• Vests executive power on the President of the Philippines

THE PRESIDENT

• The Head of State and Head of Government, and functions as the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

• Exercises control as chief executive over all executive departments, bureaus, and offices

JUDICIAL BRANCH

• Performs adjudication functions 

ARTICLE VIII SECTION 1 OF THE 1987 CONSITUTION

• States that judicial power rests with the supreme court and the lower courts heade dy Chief Justice

• Its duty to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable

PEOPLE

• The entire bord of persons who constitute a community, tribe, nation, or other group by virtue of a common culture, history, religion, or the like 

• In the context of political science, this term is synonymous to a nation. 

• Those of this term living in the state are the citizens of the state, and when citizens of another state are living in the territory of the state, they are called aliens 

AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

• The extent of a leader’s power relies on how much his or her followers accord him or her with it

MAX WEBBER

• A 20th-century sociologist

• A leader has some sort of justification as to why he or she should be accorded with such power: legal, traditional, or charismatic 

TRADITIONAL 

• The type of authority inherited or a position passed fron generation to generation

CHARISMATIC

• The type of authority based on presumed special and extraordinary characteristics of qualities possessed by a certain individual 

LEGAL-RATIONAL

• The type of power and authority which are legitimized by a clearly defined set of written rules and laws

KINSHIP

• Refers to the web of social relationships that humans form as part of a family, which is the smallest unit of a society

FAMILY

• A social and economic unit that consists of one or more parents and their children (Ferraro and Adreatta, 2010)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A FAMILY

1. A FAMILY MUST HAVE AT LEAST ONE CHILD 

2. A FAMILY CAN HAVE ONE OR MORE PARENTS 

3. A FAMILY CAN HAVE PARENTS WHO ARE NOT MARRIED 

4. A FAMILY CAN HAVE PARENTS WITH THE SAME SEX 

5. A FAMILY IS A SOCIOECONOMIC UNIT (they know and take care of e.o)

NUCLEAR FAMILY 

• Type of family that’s composed of a father, mother, and their children in the union recognized by family 

FAMILY OF ORIENTATION

• The type of family where one was born and raised 

FAMILY OF PROCREATION

• The type of family that’s formed through marriage or adoption 

EXTENDED FAMILY 

• This is composed of two or more nuclear families related to each other economically and socially 

RECONSTITUTED FAMILY 

• The type of family wherein current spouses were previously married and had children, and ipon the dissolution of their previous marriages, these individuals remarried and created a new family by bringing their children from their past marriages and often birthing their own 

PATRILOCAL RESIDENCE

• Requires that newly married couple to live near or with the groom’s family 

MATRILOCAL RESIDENCE

• Requires that the newly married couple to live near or with the wife’s family 

BILOCAL/AMBILOCAL RESIDENCE

• Provides the newlywed couple with freedom to select either near or with the bride or the groom’s family’s area of residence

NEOLOCAL RESIDENCE

• Permits newlywed couples to reside independetly of their parents 

AVUNCULOCAL RESIDENCE

• Prescribes that the newlywed couple reside with or near the maternal uncle of the husband 

NATALOCAL RESIDENCE

• This arrangement allows both spouses to remain with their own households after the marriage 

PATRILINEAL DESCENT

• This affiliates a person with a group of relatives related to them through their father 

MATRILINEAL DESCENT

• This affiliates a person with a group of kinsmen related to their mother 

BILATERAL DESCENT

• This affiliates a person with a group of kinsmen related to them through both their father and mother 

PARTRIARCHAL FAMILY 

• The type of family in which authority is under the oldest male member, typically the father, grandfather, and in the absence of the fathers, the oldest male member 

MATRIARCHAL FAMILY 

• This is the type of family in which authority is vested in the mother or the mother’s kin 

EQUALITARIAN 

• The type of family wherein the husband and wife exercise more or less an equal amount of authority 

MONOGAMY 

• Permits the person to only have one spouse

POLYGAMY 

• Permits the person to have more than one spouse

• Polyandry = many men, one woman

• Polygyny = many women, one man 

POLITICAL DYNASTY 

• Refers to the continuous political rule of one family

• Due to the compadrazgo system, political alliances are also created, which is based not on agreed political ideologies or platforms, but more on pseudokinship basis