Oral-Communication7

Communication

The exchange of thoughts, feelings, expressions, observations between individuals using various means such as words, body language, and signs.

Dynamic

Constantly changing or in a state of constant change.

Systemic

Referring to a system with multiple elements that occur within multiple systems.

Symbolic

Communication through the use of symbols, where language has arbitrary meaning with no inherent meaning.

Meaningful

The interpretation, understanding, giving, transacting, and sharing of meaning, which can be denotative or connotative.

Relational

Communication that influences relationships and is influenced by relationships.

Presentational

Communication that provides information about a person's perspective and worldview.

Sender

The source of information that initiates communication by conveying a message.

Receiver

The individual who listens and decodes the conveyed message, receiving frames of reference.

Message

The content or idea that the sender wants to convey to the receiver.

Channel

The medium or means through which the message is transmitted and connects the sender and receiver.

Noise

Any hindrance or interference that reduces the quality of the signal sent by the sender through the channel.

Physical noise

Noise that comes from the environment.

Psychological noise

Noise related to the mental state of a person.

Physiological noise

Noise related to the bodily condition of a person.

Semantic noise

Anything related to the meaning of words that distorts or masks the message.

Situation

The time and place in which communication occurs.

Feedback

The receiver's message in response to the sender's message.

Communication breakdown

Failure to exchange information resulting in a lack of communication.

Language barriers

Words used as a barrier to effective communication.

Psychological Barrier

Psychological conditions that hinder effective communication.

Physiological Barriers

Physical conditions that hinder effective communication.

Physical Barriers

Geographic location or distance that hinders effective communication.

Attitudinal Barriers

Prejudices and biases that hinder effective communication.

Jumping to an immediate conclusion

Confusing details with inferences, leading to miscommunication.

Dysfunctional Feedbacks

Ignoring or not responding to suggestions, hindering effective communication.

Lacking of confidence

Shyness, difficulty being assertive, or low self-worth that hinders effective communication.

Models of communication

Systematic representations of the communication process.

Linear Model

A one-way communication model where the message flows in a straight line from the sender to the receiver.

Aristotle's Model of Communication

A speaker-centered model focused on the speaker, speech, occasion, audience, and effect.

Lasswell's Communication Model

Describes communication by defining who said it, what was said, in what channel, to whom it was said, and with what effect.

Shannon-Weaver's Model of Communication

Introduces the concept of "noise" and asserts that the message sent by the source is not necessarily the message received by the destination.

Berlo's Model of Communication

A Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model that factors in communication skills, attitude, knowledge, social systems, and culture.

- no concept of feedback

Oral Communication

Verbal transmission of information and ideas from one individual or group to another.

Informal Communication

Casual and unofficial form of communication that occurs spontaneously without conforming to prescribed rules and formalities.

Formal Communication

Prescribed or official form of communication governed by established chain of command.

Advantages of Oral Communication

Less expensive, saves time, immediate feedback, personal contact, useful in difficult situations, co-operative spirit, useful in secret matters, persuasive, useful for all kinds of audience.

Disadvantages of Oral Communication

Lack of accountability, low reference value, greater scope for errors, easily forgotten, not useful for long distances.

Control

Influence or direct peoples behavior

Regulation

following certain communication rules

Verbal cues

Specific words used in communication.

Non-verbal cues

Hand gestures, bodily actions, vocal tone, and eye contact used in communication.

Social Interaction

refers to spontaneous Verbal exchanges occurring in natural settings between individuals.

Emotional Expression

Manifestation of one's internal emotional state through communication.

Motivation

Desire to do things and influence people to take action.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation to do an activity because it is internally rewarding.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation to do an activity to gain an external reward.

Information

Communication function used to give and receive information, enabling individuals to know the world.

Accenting

Calling attention to a key part of the message by creating emphasis.

Moderating

Reducing attention to a message.

Complementing

Enhancing or supporting the message.

Substituting

Replacing words with non-verbal language.

Contradicting

Sending a non-verbal message that disagrees with what is being said, such as saying no while gently nodding.

Regulating

The use of non-verbal signals to indicate the start or end of speech, or to send signals about speaking, such as breaking (making) eye contact or raising eyebrows before speaking.

Repeating

Using non-verbal cues to complement or accent verbal communication, but with a delay between the verbal and non-verbal signals, such as saying something and then shaking the head afterward.

Deceiving

The use of non-verbal signals as a part of lying or deceit, requiring careful control to avoid sending mixed messages, such as getting someone to do something by acting excited.