AP Euro Unit 1

c. 1450 - c. 1648

100 Years War

100 Years War

_____________ was an intermittent struggle between England and France in the 14th–15th century over a series of disputes, including legitimate claim to the French crown. (1.1)

Agricultural Capitalism

This refers to an economic system where farming becomes focused on profit-making rather than just subsistence (producing enough food for the farmer's family). It often involves innovations in farming techniques and land ownership. (1.1)

Ancient Greece

______________ was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (c. AD 600). It's known for its contributions to philosophy, politics (democracy), arts, sciences and sports. (1.1,11)

Ancient Rome

____________ was a civilization that originated from the city-state of Rome, which grew to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world. It existed from 753 BC to 476 AD and had significant influence on law, politics, language, architecture, engineering, and more. (1.1,11)

Aristotle

_________ was a Greek philosopher and scientist who lived from 384-322 BC. He made significant contributions to various fields including logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture etc., shaping much of Western philosophy. (1.1)

Capitalism

__________ is an economic system where private entities own the factors of production. The four factors are entrepreneurship, capital goods, natural resources, and labor. (1.1,11)

Cicero

______ was a Roman philosopher, politician, lawyer, and orator who lived from 106 BC to 43 BC. He is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. (1.1)

Classical Texts

_________ texts refer to the written works of ancient civilizations, particularly those of Ancient Greece and Rome. These include philosophical writings, epic poems, historical accounts, and plays that have significantly influenced Western thought and culture. (1.1-3)

Columbian Exchange

The __________________ refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations (including slaves), technology, diseases between America and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following Christopher Columbus' voyages in 1492. (1.1,10-11)

Commercial Capitalism

This is an economic system where commerce (buying and selling goods) drives wealth creation rather than manufacturing or agriculture. It was prevalent during the late medieval period into the 18th century. (1.1)

Commercial Revolution

The ____________________ refers to the period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the late 13th century until the early 18th century. It was characterized by an increase in trade, exploration, and wealth accumulation. (1.1,10-11)

Despotism

_________ refers to a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power. That entity may be an individual, as in an autocracy, or it may be a group. (1.1)

Feudal Society

_____________ refers to a social system prevalent in medieval Europe under which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and land in return. (1.1)

Great Schism

The ___________, also known as the East-West Schism, is the break of communion between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, which has lasted since the 11th century. (1.1)

Humanism

________ is a philosophical stance that emphasizes human values, potential, and agency over religious or supernatural beliefs. It emerged during the Renaissance as scholars started focusing on studying classical texts from Greece and Rome for their own sake rather than as support for theological arguments. (1.1)

Middle Ages

The ___________, also known as the medieval period, is a historical era in Europe that lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance and Age of Discovery. (1.1)

Oligarchy

An _________ is a form of government where power is held by a small group of people. These individuals may be distinguished by royalty, wealth, education, corporate, religious or military control. (1.1-2)

Overseas Colonies

These are territories established and governed by a mother country in a foreign land, often across the ocean. They were primarily used for resource extraction and trade expansion. (1.1)

Plato

_____ was an influential Greek philosopher who lived from 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC. He was a student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle. His work laid much of the groundwork for Western philosophy and science. (1.1)

Price Revolution

The ________________ refers to the period in European history when inflation rose rapidly over a long period, and money devalued. This occurred from the late 15th century to the first half of the 17th century. (1.1)

Secularism

The principle of separation of the state from religious institutions. It asserts the freedom of religion, and freedom from religion, within a state that is neutral on matters of belief. (1.1-3,5)

Serfdom

A status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with a lord that was hereditary from one generation to another. (1.1)

The Renaissance

_______________ was a period of cultural, artistic, political and economic "rebirth" following the Middle Ages. It took place from the 14th to the 17th century and marked a significant shift in European history. (1.1,4,11)

Catholic Church Legitimacy Challenge

This refers to historical periods when the authority or authenticity of the Catholic Church was questioned or disputed. Examples include Protestant Reformation or Enlightenment era criticisms. (1.2)

City-States

___________ are independent cities which have their own governments separate from those of surrounding territories. They function as both a city and a sovereign state. (1.2)

Diplomacy

_________ refers to the practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states or groups. It involves discussions and agreements on matters such as peace treaties, trade deals, and international laws. (1.2)

Donatello

_________ was an early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence known for his work in bas-relief, a form of shallow relief sculpture. (1.2)

Florence

________ is a city in central Italy that was the birthplace of the Renaissance. It was known for its culture, politics, economy, and being home to many influential figures like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. (1.2)

Geometric Perspective

_____________________ is an artistic technique used to create an illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface. (1.2)

Humanist Values

_______________ refer to a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, preferring critical thinking and evidence over acceptance of dogma or superstition. (1.2)

Individualism

_____________ is a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control. (1.2)

Italian Renaissance

The ____________________ was a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned from the 14th to the 17th century. It marked the transition from medieval times to the early modern age, characterized by significant developments in art, architecture, politics, science, and literature. (1.2)

Lorenzo Valla

_____________ was an Italian scholar and priest who is most famous for his textual analysis that proved the Donation of Constantine was a forgery. (1.2)

Michelangelo

____________ was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. (1.2)

Milan

_____ is a city located in northern Italy that played a crucial role during the Renaissance period. It was known for its wealth, military strength, political intrigue, fashion, and art. (1.2)

Naples

______ is a city in southern Italy that served as the capital of the Kingdom of Naples from 1282 to 1816. It was known for its cultural influence during the Renaissance period. (1.2)

Naturalism

___________ is an artistic movement characterized by detailed, realistic portrayals of nature or human life with an emphasis on the deterministic aspects of existence (the belief that all events are predetermined). (1.2)

Papal States

The ____________ were territories in central Italy governed directly by the Pope from 756 until 1870. They played a significant role in Italian politics and religion. (1.2)

Patronage

_________ in the context of European history refers to the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows upon another. In the Renaissance period, it was often provided by wealthy individuals like nobles or church officials to artists, musicians and scholars. (1.2)

Printing Press

A machine invented by Johann Gutenberg that creates copies of texts through an impression on a paper sheet—an innovation that revolutionized book production and distribution during Renaissance Europe. (1.2-3)

Raphael

_______ was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. (1.2)

Renaissance Man

A _______________ is an individual who is skilled in multiple fields or disciplines. These people are also known as polymaths. During the Renaissance era, these individuals were seen as embodying the ideals of education and culture. (1.2)

Scientific Views

________________ refer to perspectives and theories based on empirical evidence, systematic observation, and experimentation in the field of science. These views often challenge traditional beliefs and pave the way for new understandings. (1.2)

Secular Views

_____________ are perspectives independent from religion. They focus on worldly matters rather than spiritual ones, emphasizing human reasoning over divine intervention. (1.2)

Urban Rich Class

The ________________, also known as the bourgeoisie in some contexts, refers to the wealthy and influential group of people in urban areas during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They were typically involved in commerce, banking, and industry. (1.2)

Venice

______ was a powerful city-state in northern Italy, known for its strategic location on the Adriatic Sea and its dominance in trade during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. (1.2)

Belgium

A small country located in Western Europe known for its medieval towns and Renaissance architecture. It played a key role in both World Wars. (1.3)

Catholic Teachings

__________________ refer to the doctrines, beliefs, and practices upheld by the Roman Catholic Church. These include concepts like the Holy Trinity, sacraments, papal infallibility, and others. (1.3)

Christian Humanism

A Renaissance movement that combined Christian faith with classical humanist principles, emphasizing intellectual freedom, individualism, and the study of humanities to improve society. (1.3)

England

A country that is part of the United Kingdom. It was a major player in the Industrial Revolution and colonialism, shaping much of modern Western history. (1.3)

Erasmus

_______ was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. He is best known for his critical editions of the New Testament and his advocacy for religious tolerance. (1.3)

France

______ is a country located in Western Europe. Known for its cultural influence, it has played a central role in European history from the French Revolution to both World Wars. (1.3)

Germany

_______ is a country located in Central Europe. It played a significant role in many historical events such as World War I & II, Reformation, Cold War etc., shaping much of European history. (1.3)

Johannes Gutenberg

A German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe with the invention of mechanical movable type printing. (1.3-4)

Latin Text of the Church

The __________ refers to scriptures, liturgy, and theological writings used in Western Christianity (primarily Roman Catholicism) that are written in Latin - often referred to as Ecclesiastical Latin or Church Latin. (1.3)

Naturalism

__________ is an artistic movement characterized by detailed, realistic portrayals of nature or human life with an emphasis on the deterministic aspects of existence (the belief that all events are predetermined). (1.3)

Netherlands

A Northwestern European nation known for its flat landscape characterized by canals, tulip fields, windmills and cycling routes. It's also famous for being one of the world's top exporters of goods. (1.3)

New Testament

The second part of Christian Bible, consisting mainly of narratives about Jesus Christ's life teachings, death, resurrection along with writings by early Christian leaders. (1.3)

Northern Renaissance

The ____________________ refers to the period of Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps. Unlike the Italian Renaissance that was influenced by Ancient Rome, this period was characterized by a greater emphasis on religion and less focus on the classical antiquity. (1.3)

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

________________________ was a Netherlandish artist from the 16th century known for his landscapes and peasant scenes which were innovative depictions at this time period. (1.3)

Protestant Reformation

The ______________________ was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious aspects were supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power and control at the expense of the Church. (1.3-4)

Rembrandt

_________ Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669) was a Dutch painter and etcher. He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history and the most important in Dutch history. (1.3)

China

In the context of AP European History, _____ refers to a major Eastern civilization that has had significant influence on global trade, culture, and politics. It's known for its dynastic rule, technological advancements like gunpowder and printing, and philosophies such as Confucianism. (1.4)

Effects of the Printing Press

The _____________________________ refer to the significant cultural and societal changes that occurred after Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1450. These effects include increased literacy rates, democratization of knowledge, spread of ideas, and acceleration of scientific discovery. (1.4)

Gutenberg Bible

The _______________ is the first major book printed using mass-produced movable metal type in Europe. It marked the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of printed books in the West. (1.4)

Latin

_____ is an ancient language originally spoken by Romans. During Middle Ages, it served as a lingua franca for education, religion, and scholarly works across Europe. (1.4)

Martin Luther’s “95 Theses”

The ___________ were a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, that started the Protestant Reformation. They criticized papal abuses and the sale of indulgences by church officials. (1.4)

Middle Ages

The ___________, also known as the medieval period, is a historical era in Europe that lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance and Age of Discovery. (1.4)

New Testament - Erasmus of Rotterdam’s Edition

This is an edition of the New Testament translated into Greek by Erasmus, a Dutch Renaissance humanist. His work laid down much groundwork for Martin Luther’s later translation into German and subsequent Protestant Reformation. (1.4)

Scientific Revolution

The _____________________ was a period of significant change in thought and understanding about the physical universe during the 16th and 17th centuries. It marked a shift from religious, philosophical explanations to empirical observation and experimentation. (1.4)

The Prince - Niccolò Machiavelli

____________ is a 16th-century political treatise by the Italian diplomat and political theorist ___________________. It offers advice on political leadership, notably advocating for realistic over idealistic ruling. (1.4)

Charles V

_________ was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to his abdication in 1556. He ruled over an extensive empire that included many territories in Europe and parts of the Americas. (1.5)

Charles VII

___________ (1403–1461), also known as Charles The Victorious, was King of France from 1422 to his death. He successfully concluded the Hundred Years War against England. (1.5)

Church of England

The __________________ is the primary Christian church in England. It was established during the English Reformation when it separated from the Roman Catholic Church. (1.5)

Concordat of Bologna

The ____________________ was an agreement made in 1516 between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X that allowed the French king to select French bishops and abbots. This gave him significant influence over church affairs within France. (1.5)

Conquest of Granada

The ___________________ refers to a series of military campaigns that took place between 1482 and 1492, resulting in the defeat of the last Muslim state in Iberia by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. (1.5)

Development of New Political Institutions

This refers to the establishment and evolution of new forms of government, political systems, or structures during a particular period in history. (1.5)

Edict of Nantes

The _______________ was a law issued by King Henry IV of France in 1598 that granted substantial rights and protections to the Huguenots, a Protestant minority in predominantly Catholic France. (1.5)

Elizabeth I

___________ was the Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 until her death in 1603. She is often referred to as the "Virgin Queen" because she never married or had children. Her reign, known as the Elizabethan era, was a time of significant cultural, economic, and political progress in England. (1.5)

English Reformation

The __________________ was a series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. (1.5)

Ferdinand of Aragon

____________ was the King of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516. He is best known for sponsoring Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas and for his marriage to Isabella I of Castile, which led to the unification of Spain. (1.5)

Great Schism

The ____________, also known as the East-West Schism, is the break of communion between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, which has lasted since the 11th century. (1.5)

King Henry VIII

_______________ was an English monarch who ruled from 1509-1547. He's known for his six marriages and initiating England's separation from Roman Catholic Church establishing Church of England. (1.5)

Holy Roman Empire

The _________________ was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western, Central and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. (1.5)

Hugo Grotius

____________ was a Dutch jurist, statesman, and philosopher who laid the foundations for international law based on natural law. (1.5)

Huguenots

The _________ were French Protestants during the 16th and 17th centuries. They faced severe persecution until King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes granting them rights and protections. (1.5)

Hundred Years War

The _________________ (1337-1453) was a series of conflicts between England and France over the French throne, which significantly influenced the political landscape of Western Europe. (1.5)

Isabella of Castille

__________ was the Queen of Castile from 1474 until her death in 1504. She married Ferdinand II of Aragon, which led to a united Spain. She is also known for financing Christopher Columbus' voyage to America. (1.5)

Jean Bodin

__________ was a French jurist and political philosopher during the 16th century. He is best known for his theory on sovereignty which states that power should be undivided and absolute within a state. (1.5)

King Henry IV

_____________ was the monarch who ruled France from 1589 until his assassination in 1610. He is best known for issuing the Edict of Nantes which granted religious freedom to Protestants. (1.5)

Kingdom of Navarre

The __________________ was a kingdom in the Pyrenees mountains, straddling modern-day Spain and France. It existed from the 9th to the 16th centuries. (1.5)

Niccolò Machiavelli

___________________ was an Italian Renaissance political philosopher known primarily for his work "The Prince," which discusses political power. (1.5)

Merchants and Financiers in Renaissance Italy and Northern Europe

These were individuals or groups who played a significant role in the economic growth during the Renaissance by facilitating trade, lending money, and sponsoring arts. (1.5)

New Monarchies

The term ________________ refers to certain European states during late Middle Ages (15th-16th centuries) where monarchs consolidated power and created more centralized governments. They reduced nobility power, controlled clergy, established efficient tax systems, and maintained standing armies. (1.5)

Peace of Augsburg

The _________________, signed in 1555, was an agreement between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (and his allies), and the forces of Lutheran princes which effectively ended religious warfare within the Empire. (1.5)

Pope Leo X

__________ was the head of the Catholic Church from 1513 to his death in 1521. He is perhaps best known for his conflict with Martin Luther and the subsequent Protestant Reformation that occurred during his papacy. (1.5)

Protestant Ideals

_________________ refer to the principles and beliefs that emerged from the Protestant Reformation, a religious movement in the 16th century that led to the creation of Protestant Christianity. These ideals include justification by faith alone, priesthood of all believers, and the authority of the Bible over Church traditions. (1.5)

Spanish Empire in Mexico and Peru

This refers to territories in Mexico and Peru that were colonized by Spain during the Age of Exploration (15th-17th centuries). (1.5)

Spanish Inquisition

The ___________________ was a judicial institution established by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1478 to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, particularly by persecuting Jews and Muslims. (1.5)

Standing Armies

_______________ refer to permanent, professional armies maintained during both peace and war times by sovereign states. (1.5)