Protestant Reformation & Counter-Reformation Study Guide

Flashcards covering the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation.

What were the primary causes of the Protestant Reformation?

Corruption in the Church, Sale of Indulgences, Printing Press

What was the main purpose of Martin Luther's 95 Theses?

Criticized Church practices, especially indulgences.

Define 'Sola Scriptura.'

Belief that the Bible is the only true authority.

Define 'Sola Fide.'

Salvation comes through faith, not Church rituals.

What is Consubstantiation?

Christ is spiritually present in the bread and wine, but they do not physically transform.

What was the English Act of Supremacy (1534)?

Made Henry VIII the head of the Church of England.

What was the result of the Wars and Conflicts?

Religious disagreements led to conflicts like the Thirty Years’ War.

What were the key outcomes of the Council of Trent (1545–1563)?

Reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and banned the sale of indulgences

What was the purpose of Seminary Training during the Counter-Reformation?

Required clergy to be properly educated.

What was the Index of Forbidden Books?

Banned writings that opposed Catholic doctrine.

What was the purpose of the strengthened Inquisition?

Used to combat heresy.

What was the role of the Jesuits (Society of Jesus)?

Spread Catholicism globally, focusing on education and conversion.

What was the purpose of Baroque Art & Architecture?

Used emotional and grand artistic styles to inspire faith.

What is the Catholic view of Authority in Faith?

Bible & Church Tradition

What is the Protestant view of Authority in Faith?

Bible Alone ('Sola Scriptura')

What is the Catholic view of Salvation?

Faith & Good Works

What is the Protestant view of Salvation?

Faith Alone ('Sola Fide')

How many Sacraments do Catholics believe in?

Seven (Baptism, Eucharist, etc.)

How many Sacraments do Protestants believe in?

Two (Baptism & Eucharist)

What is the Catholic view Eucharist Belief?

Transubstantiation (Actual body & blood)

What is the Protestant view Eucharist Belief?

Consubstantiation (Spiritually present)

Who is the head of the Catholic Church?

Pope

Who is the head of the Protestant Church?

No central leader

What did Christ’s Crown of Thorns vs. Pope’s Crowns of Gold symbolize?

Showed Church greed vs. humility

What was implied by the symbol Pope as Anti-Christ?

Catholic leadership had strayed from Christ’s teachings.

How did the Printing Press Impact the Reformation?

Cartoons helped spread Protestant ideas quickly.

What key symbols were in the Reformation Cartoons?

Crowns, Bible, indulgences

How did the Reformation lead to the rise of Nation-States?

Religious independence allowed them to consolidate power.

How did the Reformation lead to the expansion of Religious Diversity?

Many new Protestant denominations formed.

How did the Reformation lead to the Global Influence?

Catholic and Protestant missionaries spread Christianity worldwide.