USH1

APUSH

Plymouth Settlement

Plymouth was a New England Colony settled in 1622 by Puritan Pilgrims that came aboard the Mayflower in 1620.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Northern Colonies

-Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

-Economy based on industrial (ship building), fishing, manufacturing, small farms, fewer slaves, big cities, trade very important, rocky soil prevented large scale farming.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; Grew grains "breadbasket" colonies; Religious tolerance

Southern Colonies

-Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

-made money by having slaves grow cash crops on plantations due to rich soil and warm climate.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Development and Origins of Slavery in the Colonies

Needed cheap and large amount of labor

Indentured servitude was expensive

Cultural superiority

Natives were Christian and could not work

Mercantilism

economic policy

nations tried to increase their wealth and power by getting large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Salutary Neglect (cause of revolution)

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

French and Indian War (cause of revolution)

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Proclomation of 1763 (cause of revolution)

law created by British officials that stopped colonists from settling in areas west of the Appalachian Mountains

Stamp Act (cause of revolution)

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Intolerable Acts (cause of revolution)

A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British

Quartering Act (cause of revolution)

an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

Boston Massacre (cause of revolution)

Angry crowd outside the customs house. 50- 60 colonists and British troops ; Colonists start throwing things at the troops- escalates; Fired without command. Other soldiers fired into the crowd; Three colonists died there. Two more died later.

Boston Tea Party (cause of revolution)

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

No taxation without representation (cause of revolution)

Colonists did not want to be taxed if they did not have a representative in Britain's Parliament.

Declaration of Independence

Purpose: Formally declared independence from England

Idea that people possess natural rights

Second Continental Congress

Governing body set up for the American Revolution

Battle of Lexington and Concord

1st battle of Revolutionary War; shot heard around the world

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Battle of Yorktown

the last major battle of the American Revolution. forced British to surrender

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter. 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops (think of dbq)

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

no power to tax, President lacked power, no money to buy ships or pay soldiers

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Constutional Convention

Meeting that was held to consider changes to the Articles of Confederation. As a result, the Constitution was drafted.

Virginia Plan

Proposal to create a strong national government; Representation based on state population.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house (basically combined the NJ and Virginia Plans)

3/5 Compromise

-each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

Ratification of the Constitution

required 9 out of 13 states to ratify (approve) it to become law.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification

Anti-Federalists

people who did not support the Constitution. Wanted more individual states rights

Federalism

a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states

George Washington Precedents

Precedent: an act or decision that sets an example for others to follow.

1. Two-term Presidency

2. Selecting well-known leaders to serve in his cabinet (think of early presidents writing assignment)

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots

The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react quickly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

US Neutrality (Washington)

the policy or status of a nation that does not participate in a war between other nations. Stays Neutral

Farewell Address (George Washington)

Washington's speech at the end of his presidency. worried about political parties, large national debt, foreign entangling alliances, we did not listen to him -have all of these today

John Adams Presidency

2nd President (after Washington) who was a Federalist. XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts

XYZ Affair

Trouble with France and Washington's decision to remain neutral in their conflict with Britain;

President Adams sent three men to Paris to negotiate a solution and meet with French Foreign Minister Talleyrand; the French tried to get 250,000 bribes

Alien and Sedition Acts

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review. an important addition to the system of "checks and balances" created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful.

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

Thomas Jefferson Presidency

3rd President. President who cut taxes, reduced army, reduced debt; Judicial troubles; Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark; Embargo Act.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. (burnt down white house and capitol!)

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production

Cotton Gin, Telegraphs, Steel Plow, Sewing Machine, Textile Mills, Steam Engines

Transportation Revolution

-A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

-National Road, Erie Canal/Canal System, Steamboat, Railroad, Locomotives, Turnpikes

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

-Northeast: Mills and factories because of rivers used to power machinery - shipped to south and west

-South: crops, like cotton and plantations because of agriculture - shipped north

Lowell Mill Girls

Women worked in mills; although paid half the amount as men, these women were able to attain economic independence.

Andrew Jackson's Presidency

Different from other Presidents. focused on the "Common Man;" removal of Indians, bank wars, spoils system, 1828-1836 (Think of Jackson Writing!)

Spoils System

A system of hiring people because they are friends/supporters instead of hiring them because they deserve the job (Andrew Jackson did this)

Indian Removal Act

treaties to force Native Americans off their land to go further West. Andrew Jackson allowed this

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. (Jackson allowed this)

1832 Worcester v. Georgia

John Marshall rule in favor of the Cherokee- cant kick them off their land.

Georgia officials ignored this- Jackson did nothing to enforce the rules

Bank Wars (1832)

Jackson saw the bank as corrupt and did not renew the charter killing the National Bank.

Westward Expansion/Manifest Destiny

-The spreading of the US to the west

-the god given right to expand to the Pacific Ocean

Texas Revolution

the 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory. (Texas, New Mexico, California, Central Mexico)

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Second Great Awakening

US much more deeply Protestant nation than before

Inclusion of women

Believed it was their moral duty to help improve the lives of others

Charles Finney was a revival preacher who emphasized that a person was in charge of their own salvation and that people could improve themselves and their society

Temperance Movement

campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages

Education Reform

free public education for all (Horace Mann)

Dorthea Dix

dedicated to improving conditions for the mentally ill. led movement to build new mental hospitals and improve existing ones

Abolitionist Movement

the movement to end slavery; Leaders include: William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sojourner Truth, Fredrick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, The Grimke Sisters

William Lloyd Garrison

United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)

Fredrick Douglass (1817-1895)

former slave; abolitionist; founder of antislavery journal "The North Star"

Women's Rights Movement

organized campaign to win property, education, and other rights for women

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Declaration of Sentiments

declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

Compromise of 1850

Compromise to ease tensions in the US.

It Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Split Nebraska into 2: Kansas and Nebraska.

-a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery (AKA Popular Sovereignty)

-This lead to fighting between the two groups, which became known as "Bleeding Kansas"