Bio med cramming

ABO Blood system

Blood typing based on antigens A, B, AB, or O.

Adenine

A DNA base that pairs with thymine.

Agglutination

Clumping of blood cells due to antigen-antibody reaction.

Antibody

A protein that attacks foreign substances.

Antigen

A substance that triggers an immune response.

Cells

Basic units of life.

Chromosomes

DNA structures in cells that carry genes.

Confirmatory test

Test that confirms a result.

Control Group

Group not exposed to the independent variable.

Cytosine

A DNA base that pairs with guanine.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Genetic material of living things.

Dependent Variable

The measured outcome in an experiment.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells.

Eukaryotic cells

Cells with a nucleus.

Experiment

A test to study a hypothesis.

Experimental design

Plan for testing a hypothesis.

Fingerprint minutiae

Small unique fingerprint details.

Forensic science

Science used in crime investigations.

Forensic Scientist

Scientist who analyzes crime evidence.

Gel electrophoresis

Method to separate DNA by size.

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a trait.

Genetics

Study of heredity.

Genome

All DNA in an organism.

Guanine

A DNA base that pairs with cytosine.

Hair cortex

Middle layer of the hair.

Hair cuticle

Outer layer of hair.

Hair medulla

Inner core of hair.

Heart rate

Beats per minute.

Helix

Spiral shape of DNA.

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Histones

Proteins that package DNA.

Iterative

Repeating to improve accuracy.

Leukocytes

White blood cells.

Negative Control

A group where no effect is expected.

Nucleotides

DNA building blocks (sugar, base, phosphate).

Organelles

Structures inside cells with specific functions.

Plasma

Liquid part of blood.

Polygraph

Lie detector.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Technique to copy DNA.

Positive Control

Group where a known response is expected.

Presumptive test

Initial test to suggest a result.

Prokaryotic cells

Cells without a nucleus.

Protein

Molecule made of amino acids; performs many functions.

Pulse

Beat of the heart felt in arteries.

Recognition sites

DNA sequences where enzymes cut.

Respiratory rate

Breaths per minute.

Restriction digestions

Cutting DNA with enzymes.

Restriction endonucleases

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites.

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

DNA variations used in identification.

Standard curve

Graph used to determine unknown values.

Thrombocytes

Platelets, help blood clot.

Thymine

DNA base that pairs with adenine.

Trace evidence

Small physical evidence like hair or fibers.

Vital signs

Basic body functions (pulse, breathing, etc.)