Bio med cramming

• ABO Blood system: Blood typing based on antigens A, B, AB, or O.

• Adenine: A DNA base that pairs with thymine.

• Agglutination: Clumping of blood cells due to antigen-antibody reaction.

• Antibody: A protein that attacks foreign substances.

• Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response.

• Cells: Basic units of life.

• Chromosomes: DNA structures in cells that carry genes.

• Confirmatory test: Test that confirms a result.

• Control Group: Group not exposed to the independent variable.

• Cytosine: A DNA base that pairs with guanine.

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): Genetic material of living things.

• Dependent Variable: The measured outcome in an experiment.

• Erythrocytes: Red blood cells.

• Eukaryotic cells: Cells with a nucleus.

• Experiment: A test to study a hypothesis.

• Experimental design: Plan for testing a hypothesis.

• Fingerprint minutiae: Small unique fingerprint details.

• Forensic science: Science used in crime investigations.

• Forensic Scientist: Scientist who analyzes crime evidence.

• Gel electrophoresis: Method to separate DNA by size.

• Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a trait.

• Genetics: Study of heredity.

• Genome: All DNA in an organism.

• Guanine: A DNA base that pairs with cytosine.

• Hair cortex: Middle layer of the hair.

• Hair cuticle: Outer layer of hair.

• Hair medulla: Inner core of hair.

• Heart rate: Beats per minute.

• Helix: Spiral shape of DNA.

• Hemoglobin: Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

• Histones: Proteins that package DNA.

• Iterative: Repeating to improve accuracy.

• Leukocytes: White blood cells.

• Negative Control: A group where no effect is expected.

• Nucleotides: DNA building blocks (sugar, base, phosphate).

• Organelles: Structures inside cells with specific functions.

• Plasma: Liquid part of blood.

• Polygraph: Lie detector.

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Technique to copy DNA.

• Positive Control: Group where a known response is expected.

• Presumptive test: Initial test to suggest a result.

• Prokaryotic cells: Cells without a nucleus.

• Protein: Molecule made of amino acids; performs many functions.

• Pulse: Beat of the heart felt in arteries.

• Recognition sites: DNA sequences where enzymes cut.

• Respiratory rate: Breaths per minute.

• Restriction digestions: Cutting DNA with enzymes.

• Restriction endonucleases: Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites.

• Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs): DNA variations used in identification.

• Standard curve: Graph used to determine unknown values.

• Thrombocytes: Platelets, help blood clot.

• Thymine: DNA base that pairs with adenine.

• Trace evidence: Small physical evidence like hair or fibers.

• Vital signs: Basic body functions (pulse, breathing, etc.).

Autopsy & Body Systems:

• Algor mortis: Body cooling after death.

• Aorta: Main artery from the heart.

• Aortic valve: Valve between heart and aorta.

• Atria: Upper heart chambers.

• Artery: Vessel carrying blood from the heart.

• Apex: Tip of the heart.

• Autopsy report: Document detailing cause of death.

• Auricles: Ear-like flaps on atria.

• Brachiocephalic artery: Artery supplying head and arm.

• Cardiovascular system: Heart and blood vessels.

• Cells: Basic life units.

• Chemical reactions: Processes that change substances.

• Chordae tendineae: Strings that anchor heart valves.

• Concussion: Brain injury from impact.

• Control Group: Baseline group in an experiment.

• Coronary artery: Artery that supplies heart muscle.

• Digestive system: Breaks down food into nutrients.

• Dependent Variable: What is measured in an experiment.

• Forensic chemistry: Study of chemicals in investigations.

• Genome: All genetic material in a person.

• Histology: Study of tissues.

• Hypothesis: A testable guess.

• Independent Variable: What is changed in an experiment.

• Inferior Vena Cava: Vein carrying blood to heart from lower body.

• Livor Mortis: Pooling of blood after death.

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Imaging using magnets.

• Metabolism: Chemical processes in the body.

• Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve: Valve between left atrium and ventricle.

• Molecules: Groups of atoms bonded together.

• Nervous system: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

• Nutrients: Substances the body needs to live and grow.

• Organs: Body parts with specific functions.

• Organ systems: Groups of organs working together.

• Papillary muscle: Muscle that pulls valve strings in heart.

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Safety gear.

• Rigor mortis: Stiffening of muscles after death.

• ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Main energy source for cells.

• Biomolecules: Molecules essential for life (proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids).

• Blood pressure: Force of blood against artery walls.

• Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth.

• Chemical reaction: Process that changes substances into others.

• Cholesterol: Fat-like substance in blood, important for cells.

• Demeanor: A person’s outward behavior or attitude.

• Diagnosis: Identification of a disease.

• Diastole: Heart relaxation phase.

• Diastolic pressure: Pressure when the heart relaxes.

• Empathy: Understanding others’ feelings.

• Erythrocytes: Red blood cells.

• Glucagon: Hormone that raises blood sugar.

• HDL (high-density lipoprotein): "Good" cholesterol.

• Heartrate: Beats per minute.

• Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA): Protects medical privacy.

• Hypertension: High blood pressure.

• Homeostasis: Body's balance or stability.

• Hormones: Chemical messengers in the body.

• Insulin: Hormone that lowers blood sugar.

• LDL (low-density lipoprotein): "Bad" cholesterol.

• Leukocytes: White blood cells.

• Medical history: Record of past health events.

• Metabolism: All chemical processes in the body.

• Negative feedback loop: Body reverses a change to stay balanced.

• Plasma: Liquid part of blood.

• Positive feedback loop: Body enhances a change (e.g., childbirth).

• Pulse: Heartbeat felt in arteries.

• Respiratory rate: Breaths per minute.

• Risk factor: Something that increases disease chance.

• Sphygmomanometer: Device to measure blood pressure.

• Symptoms: Signs of disease felt by the patient.

• Systole: Heart contraction phase.

• Systolic pressure: Pressure when the heart contracts.

• Thrombocytes: Platelets, help clot blood.

• Triage: Prioritizing patients based on urgency.

• Vital signs: Basic health indicators (pulse, temp, etc.).

Genetics & Cell Biology:

• Alleles: Different forms of a gene.

• Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes.

• Benign: Non-cancerous.

• Deletion mutation: A DNA base is removed.

• DNA: Carries genetic information.

• Centromere: Center of a chromosome.

• Chromatid: One half of a duplicated chromosome.

• Chromosome: DNA-packed structure in cells.

• Dominant allele: Masks the effect of a recessive allele.

• Eukaryotic: Cells with a nucleus.

• Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH): Inherited high cholesterol disorder.

• Frameshift mutation: DNA change that shifts how bases are read.

• Gene: Segment of DNA coding for a trait.

• Genome: All genetic material in an organism.

• Genotype: Genetic makeup (e.g., Aa, AA).

• Heterozygous: Two different alleles.

• Homologous chromosome: Pair with the same genes.

• Homozygous: Two same alleles.

• Insertion mutation: Extra DNA base is added.

• Karyotype: Picture of chromosomes.

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Imaging using magnets.

• Malignant: Cancerous and spreading.

• Meiosis: Cell division making sex cells.

• Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries DNA’s message to make proteins.

• Metastasis: Spread of cancer.

• Mitosis: Cell division making identical cells.

• Mutation: Change in DNA.

• Nondisjunction: Chromosomes fail to separate in cell division.

• Nucleotides: DNA building blocks.

• Pedigree: Family genetic history chart.

• Phenotype: Physical traits.

• Point mutation: One DNA base is changed.

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Makes copies of DNA.

• Prognosis: Expected outcome of a disease.

• Protein: Molecule made from amino acids.

• Protein synthesis: Making proteins from DNA via RNA.

• Punnett square: Diagram predicting gene combinations.

• Recessive allele: Only shows if both alleles are recessive.

• Restriction enzyme: Cuts DNA at specific points.

• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): Helps make proteins.

• Sex chromosome: X or Y chromosomes.

• Silent mutation: DNA change that doesn’t alter the protein.

• Somatic cell: Body cell (not sex cell).

• Substitution mutation: One base is swapped for another.

• Transcription: DNA to mRNA process.

• Translation: mRNA to protein process.

• Tumor: Mass of abnormal cells.

Pregnancy & Care:

• Gestational diabetes: Diabetes during pregnancy.

• Plan of Care: Detailed treatment plan.

• Ultrasound: Imaging using sound waves (often for pregnancy).

• Acquired: Gained after birth, not inherited.

• Antibodies: Proteins that fight antigens.

• Antigens: Foreign substances that trigger immune response.

• Aseptic technique: Methods to prevent contamination.

• B-cells: White blood cells that make antibodies.

• Bacillus: Rod-shaped bacteria.

• Bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms.

• Coccus: Spherical bacteria.

• Disease: Disorder that affects body function.

• Endemic: Regularly found in a specific area.

• Epidemiologist: Studies disease spread.

• Etiology: Cause of a disease.

• Fungi: Organisms like mold or yeast.

• Gram stain: Method to classify bacteria.

• Helminths: Parasitic worms.

• Host: Organism that a pathogen infects.

• Immunity: Body’s defense against disease.

• Innate: Natural, present from birth.

• Infection: Invasion by harmful microorganisms.

• Metabolize: Break down substances for energy.

• Morbidity: Rate of disease in a population.

• Mortality: Rate of death in a population.

• Nosocomial: Hospital-acquired infection.

• Outbreak: Sudden rise in disease cases.

• Pathogen: Disease-causing organism.

• Pandemic: Global disease outbreak.

• Prion: Infectious protein.

• Protist: Single-celled eukaryotic organism.

• R-naught (R₀): Average number of people an infected person can spread a disease to.

• Simulation: Model of a real-world process.

• Spirillum: Spiral-shaped bacteria.

• T-cells: White blood cells that destroy infected cells.

• Vaccine: Prepares immune system to fight disease.

• Virus: Non-living infectious agent.

Solutions & Patient Care:

• Antibodies: Proteins that fight pathogens.

• Antigens: Substances triggering immune response.

• Homeostasis: Body’s internal balance.

• Hypertonic: Solution with more solutes than cells.

• Hypotonic: Solution with fewer solutes than cells.

• Intravenous (IV): Into a vein.

• Isotonic: Solution with equal solute as cells.

• Medical surge: Sudden increase in patient volume.

• Osmosis: Water movement across membranes.

• Solute: Substance dissolved in a solution.

• Solutions: Mixture of solute and solvent.

• Solvents: Substance that dissolves the solute.

• Surge capacity: Ability to handle a sudden rise in demand.

• Triage: Prioritizing treatment based on severity.