Studied by 22 people
William Lloyd Garrison
Abolitionist, social reformer, and journalist who was motivated by ending slavery
Wrote “The Liberator”
Founded the American Anti-Slavery Society
Embraced a radical vision for America’s future
Lost interest in gradual emancipation (the eventual freeing of slaves born after a certain date when they turned 28) and wanted a more immediate abolition of slavery
Also fought for the women’s suffrage movement
John C. Calhoun
Pro-slavery senator and leader in the south
Debated the Compromise of 1850
Was vice president under Andrew Jackson and often fought with him
Began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate for protective tarrots
Turned into an advocate for free trade, states’ rights, limited government, and nullification
Nat Turner
Leader of the slave rebellion of 1831 in Virginia, which lead to the deaths of about 60 white people (specifically women and children)
He led this rebellion because he saw a solar eclipse which he thought was a sign from God
The rebellion lead to the “gag rule”, which outlawed the discussion of slaver in the House of Representatives
Harriett Tubman
One of the leaders/conductors of the Underground Railroad
Led over 300 slaves to freedom
Was very outspoken for women’s rights
Abraham Lincoln
16th president of the United States and let the US through the civil War
Wanted to preserve the Union at all costs
Was assassinated in April of 1865
Jefferson Davis
President of the Southern Confederate States from 1860 to 1865
Struggled to form a solid government for the states to be governed
Frederick Douglass
Ex-slave who became an abolitionist and public speaker
Gave a new voice and cause to the abolitionists
Adam Smith
Philosopher, economist, and philosopher
Wrote “A Theory of Moral Sentiments”
Was a pioneer in the political economy and played a big role in Scottish Enlightenment
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
American writer and activist
Leader in the women’s rights movement from the mid to late 19th century
Organized the first convention of women’s rights with Lucretia Mott
Issued the Deceleration of Sentiments (declared men and women be equal and demanded the right to vote for women)
Lucretia Mott
Feminist, activist, and advocate for the abolition of slavery
Dedicated her lift to speaking out against radical and gender injustice
Organized the first convention of women’s rights with Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Passed by Congress in 1830
Supported by President Jackson
Allowed the government to remove Native Americans from the east and force them to move west of the Mississippi
Many tribes signed treaties and agreed to voluntary removal
Trail of Tears
The land and water route used by the government to remove thousands of Native Americans (specifically Cherokee) from their homes between Georgia and Oklahoma
Over 4000 Native Americans died on this route
What led to the rise of Capitalism?
The invention of the cotton gin, which created a boom in the cotton industry
Slavery
Capitalism
An economic system where resources and production are privately owned
The government has no control over the economy and power is given to the upper class (the ones who privately own the resources)
Socialism
An economic system where resources and production are owned by the state (government)
The state controls the means of production and the distribution of goods
Attempts to provide a more human and socially worthwhile alternative to capitalism (imperfect opposite)
Popular sovereignty
A controversial political doctrine where the people in each state/territory should decide if their state should enter the Union as free or slave states
Abolitionists
Someone who’s part of the movement to abolish (end) slavery
Fugitive Slave Act
Part of the Compromise of 1850
Made it illegal to help runaway slaves
Allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal
Required escaped slaves to be returned to their slaveholders
Underground Railroad
A system of trails and people who assisted salves in escaping the south
It went from the South up to the North and into Canada
It consisted for conductors (guides), passengers (slaves), stationmasters (people who owned safe houses), and stockholders (people who had resources like food and clothes)
Dred Scott Case
Ruled that African Americans (with and without ancestors who were slaves) had not legal view in court
Bloody Kansas/”Bleeding Kansas”
A period of violence (1854-1858) where people fought over whether Kansas should be a free or slave state
Rural Slavery
Slaves worked on plantations as field hands
There were severe punishments
This was the more common type of slavery
Urban Slavery
Slaves worked on mills or ships and were very skilled
They had more freedom of movement and were punished less severely
They had increased contact with free black people who expanded their ways of thinking and increased their opportunities to learn
The Confederacy
A loose union of independent states
The name given to the government used by the southern states that suceded during the Civil War
The Confederate States of America
A republic formed in February if 1861
Comprised of 11 Southern states that suceded from the US (Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia)
Emancipation Proclamation
A formal announcement from President Lincoln signed January 1st, 1863
Called for the freeing of “all persons held as slaves” within the southern states
Civil War Effect on Economy of North
Economy got better (relatively stable)
Good conditions for providing military supplies (machinery and guns)
Civil War Effect on Economy of South
Lots of inflation in the economy
Lack of food and a lot of suffering
Railroads that were used for the transportation of goods were destroyed
Sanitary Commission
Established in 1861
Trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union army
Helped to professionalize nursing and gave any women confidence in the women’s movement in the post war years
Habeas Corpus
“you have the body”
An order that requires jailers to bring a prisoner before a court/judge to explain why the person is being held
Expansion of Presidential Power by Lincoln during the war
Suspended Habeas Corpus
Ceased the telegraph office (limited and monitored communication) Put ships in the harbor to block the south from receiving goods
Sent out the Emancipation Proclamation
Conscription (and ways draftees avoided it)
Drafting people for the army
In the north, rich people would pay poor people to take their spot
Experience of African American Soldiers
They did not receive equal pay
They were still segregated, but were led by white officers
They were treated worse than their white counterparts
Grant's Victory at Vicksburg
The Union (north) captured the Mississippi River, which cut the Confederacy (south) in half
Boosted the morale of the North
Lee Surrender to Grant at Appomattox ending the Civil War
The south’s militia was surrounded and greatly outnumbered, so Lee decided it wasn’t worth the sacrifice and surrendered
Grant decided to let him and the confederacy go in order to begin reconstruction
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude (except as a punishment for a crime)
14th Amendment
Granted citizenship to all people born in or naturalized (someone not born as a citizen) in the United States
15th Amendment
Gave African American men the right to vote
"“rights of citizens of the United State to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
Radical Republicans
A faction of the Republican Party from 1854 to 1877 (the end of Reconstruction)
Strongly opposed slavery during the war
Demanded harsh policies for the former rebels after the war
Emphasized civil and voting rights for the recently freed slaves
Were more common in the North
Democrats
More common in the south
Were pro slavery
Lincoln’s 10% Reconstruction Plan
Outlined that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union
Freedman’s Bureau
A federal agency that was formed to aid and protect the newly freed black people in the south after the civil war
It was established in March of 1865 under the name “bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands”
It functioned for one year after the end of the Civil War
Slave Codes
Laws passed by southern states before the civil war to keep slaves from running away or rebelling
They forbade slaves from gathering in groups of more than 3, leaving their owner’s land without a written pass, or owning a gun
Black Codes
Laws passed by the southern states after the civil war denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves
They forbade former slaves from suing people in court, did not allow black people to vote, and imprisoned black people that did not have jobs
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Act passed by Congress that abolished previous state governments and set up 5 temporary military districts in the South run by Union generals
Designed to protect the rights of freed slaves by outlining the terms for readmission into the US for the rebel states
Scalawags
Used to describe white southerners that supported the Reconstruction after the Civil War
They worked with the freed slaves
Carpetbaggers
People that the Democrats believed had betrayed the south by voting for the Republican party
They rushed to the South carrying their possessions in bags made of carpeting
Impeachment
An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the president, vice president, or other civil officer of committing “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors”
Happened to Andrew Johnson when he violated the Tenure of Office Act (law that limits a president from firing a congressional appointee without the senate’s approval)
High Crimes and Misdemeanors
Crimes against democracy and self government, like failure to supervise and abuse of authority
Andrew Carnegie
One of the richest Americans in history
He led the expansion of the American steel industry
Was an industrialist and philanthropist who gave 90% of his fortune to philanthropy causes because he didn’t want to die rich (captain of industry)
Preached for the rights of laborers and protected their jobs (captain of industry)
John D. Rockefeller
America’s first billionaire
Had humble beginnings but had the vision to become the richest person in America
While the average worker earned $8-$10 a week, he earned millions
Established the Standard Oil Company
Regarded as the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly in history (robber baron)
Donated money to churches, education, and medical science charities (captain of industry)
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Financier who accumulated a lot of wealth from his railroad and shipping businesses
Made longer and faster steam boats
Treated his workers poorly and gave them low pay (robber baron)
J.P. Morgan
One of the most powerful bankers of all time
Dominated the railroad and steel industries
Criticized for being too manipulative and spent most of his money on his art collection (robber baron)
Robber Baron
Industrialists or big business owners who gained profits by paying their employees low wages
Drove out their competitors by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it
Once they controlled the market, they raised the prices higher than the original price
Captain of Industry
Owners and mangers of large industrial enterprises who had political and economic power which they used to benefit the workers
Benefits of Railroad Boom
Offered more jobs building and running the railroads
Faster mail service (increased communication and the spread of ideas)
Made travel easier, cheaper, faster, and more accessible
Ellis Island
The island that many Europeans immigrated into America through
Labor Unions
A group of workers who joined together for a common purpose (to improve the terms and conditions they worked under)
Rutherford B Hayes and Election of 1876
The 19th President
His presidency was decided by the Compromise of 1877, which ended the Reconstruction Era and forced the removal of federal troops from the south
Tenant Farmers
A farmer who rent land owned by another person
They pay rent in cash or shares of the crops
Sharecropping
System of farming where farmers worked on land owned by an owner who provided them equipment and seeds
The farmer and the owner would both share the profits
Origins of the Ku Klux Klan
Racist, anti-Semitic group committed to extreme violence to achieve its goals of racial segregation and white supremacy
Formed as a social group in Tennessee in 1866
Goals included political defeat of the Republican Party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy
Compromise of 1877
Unwritten deal that settled the 1976 US presidential election
The north got the presidency, but they had to pull their troops out of the South, formally ending the Reconstruction Era
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Flashcard (24)