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differentiation
the changes a cell undergoes
how does a cell know what type of cell to become?
DNA - they have genes that are either “turned on” or “turned off,” and those dictate the function of the cell
regeneration
growing back lost cells
stem cells
cells that have the ability to become any type of cell in the body
embryonic stem cells
cells harvested from a 3-5day old embryo (they are pluripotent)
pluripotent
can give rise to all cells that make up the body
adult stem cells
found in adult tissue and it’s function is to repair damaged tissue (only some are pluripotent)
asexual reproduction
a single parent cell divides to produce offspring
the offspring of asexual reproduction are …
genetically identical
binary fission
prokaryotes - a cell divides in half and each daughter cell is identical to the parent
budding
a parent grows a bud on its body, and when the bud is large enough, it is severed form the parent
fragmentation
a severed piece from the adult cell is severed and becomes a whole new individual
vegetative reporduction
(no pollen or seeds) new plants grow from the roots, stem, or leaves of a preexisting plant
how are tumors created?
when mitosis is not controlled
what are the two types of tumors?
malignant- harmful
benign- harmless
cancer occurs when …
a cell continually divides and grows (the cancer cells invade tissue, replacing the normal cells)
cancer can be a mutation in DNA that occurred in …
the S phase (2nd phase of interphase)
zygote
the fertilized egg all the cells in your body come from
interphase is when …
the cell isn’t dividing
G1 phase
cell performs normal functions
S phase
DNA replication (cell now has 2 sets of DNA)
G2 phase
cell prepares for mitosis (doubles all organelles)
process of cell division
Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
(I PMAT C)
the two main steps of cell division
mitosis and cytokinesis
where is the DNA of cells stores?
chromosomes
what would happen of the DNA didn’t replicate?
the daughter cells wouldn’t function properly
what is the form of DNA? how many sets of DNA are there?
G1 → S → G2 → after cell divison
G1: chromatin // 1
S: chromatin // 2
G2: condensed chromosomes // 2
After: chromatin // 1
condensed chromosomes are often shown in the shape of …
x
sister chromatid
half of a chromosome
centromere
the protein disc at the center of the chromosome
interphase
cells function normally, longest phase of the cell cycle
prophase
chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear, centrosomes migrate to opposite sides of the cell
centrosomes
micro tubule-organizing centers apart of the cytoplasm
centrioles
present in the centrosome in animal cells
metaphase
cells migrate to the center of the cell and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at the centromere
metaphase plate
center of the cell
spindle fibers
microtubules that are apart of the cytoskeleton
anaphase
spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart, each half of the chromosome is pulled to the opposite end of the cell
telophase
nuclear membrane begins to reappear, cleavage furrow (animal) or cell plate (plant) forms
cytokinesis
cleavage furrow/cell plate is complete, cytoplasm splits, chromosomes unravel to chromatin, two separate but identical cells
cleavage furrow
animals - a groove in the middle of the parent cell where the cytoplasm splits to form 2 daughter cells
cell plate
plants - made up of cell wall and membrane materials
mitosis only occurs in …
eukaryotes
prokaryotes divide through …
binary fission (no spindle fibers or nucleus, cell elongates then divides in half) (simple bc it only has 1 chromosome)