Mitosis

differentiation

the changes a cell undergoes

how does a cell know what type of cell to become?

DNA - they have genes that are either “turned on” or “turned off,” and those dictate the function of the cell

regeneration

growing back lost cells

stem cells

cells that have the ability to become any type of cell in the body

embryonic stem cells

cells harvested from a 3-5day old embryo (they are pluripotent)

pluripotent

can give rise to all cells that make up the body

adult stem cells

found in adult tissue and it’s function is to repair damaged tissue (only some are pluripotent)

asexual reproduction

a single parent cell divides to produce offspring

the offspring of asexual reproduction are …

genetically identical

binary fission

prokaryotes - a cell divides in half and each daughter cell is identical to the parent

budding

a parent grows a bud on its body, and when the bud is large enough, it is severed form the parent

fragmentation

a severed piece from the adult cell is severed and becomes a whole new individual

vegetative reporduction

(no pollen or seeds) new plants grow from the roots, stem, or leaves of a preexisting plant

how are tumors created?

when mitosis is not controlled

what are the two types of tumors?

malignant- harmful

benign- harmless

cancer occurs when …

a cell continually divides and grows (the cancer cells invade tissue, replacing the normal cells)

cancer can be a mutation in DNA that occurred in …

the S phase (2nd phase of interphase)

zygote

the fertilized egg all the cells in your body come from

interphase is when …

the cell isn’t dividing

G1 phase

cell performs normal functions

S phase

DNA replication (cell now has 2 sets of DNA)

G2 phase

cell prepares for mitosis (doubles all organelles)

process of cell division

Interphase (G1, S, G2)

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

(I PMAT C)

the two main steps of cell division

mitosis and cytokinesis

where is the DNA of cells stores?

chromosomes

what would happen of the DNA didn’t replicate?

the daughter cells wouldn’t function properly

what is the form of DNA? how many sets of DNA are there?

G1 → S → G2 → after cell divison

G1: chromatin // 1

S: chromatin // 2

G2: condensed chromosomes // 2

After: chromatin // 1

condensed chromosomes are often shown in the shape of …

x

sister chromatid

half of a chromosome

centromere

the protein disc at the center of the chromosome

interphase

cells function normally, longest phase of the cell cycle

prophase

chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear, centrosomes migrate to opposite sides of the cell

centrosomes

micro tubule-organizing centers apart of the cytoplasm

centrioles

present in the centrosome in animal cells

metaphase

cells migrate to the center of the cell and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes at the centromere

metaphase plate

center of the cell

spindle fibers

microtubules that are apart of the cytoskeleton

anaphase

spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart, each half of the chromosome is pulled to the opposite end of the cell

telophase

nuclear membrane begins to reappear, cleavage furrow (animal) or cell plate (plant) forms

cytokinesis

cleavage furrow/cell plate is complete, cytoplasm splits, chromosomes unravel to chromatin, two separate but identical cells

cleavage furrow

animals - a groove in the middle of the parent cell where the cytoplasm splits to form 2 daughter cells

cell plate

plants - made up of cell wall and membrane materials

mitosis only occurs in …

eukaryotes

prokaryotes divide through …

binary fission (no spindle fibers or nucleus, cell elongates then divides in half) (simple bc it only has 1 chromosome)