Biology summer exam revision

The difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes are larger (5-100um) than prokaryotes (0.2-2um), with distinct differences in organelles, DNA location, and division methods.

Organelles

Structures within cells that perform specific functions, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and ribosomes.

Mitosis

Cell division process resulting in identical diploid daughter cells, crucial for growth and repair in asexual reproduction.

Meiosis

Cell division leading to haploid daughter cells with genetic variation, essential for sexual reproduction.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cell types, found in various locations with potential therapeutic applications.

Diffusion

Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration, essential for transport processes in cells.

Osmosis

Passive movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low water potential, crucial for maintaining cell hydration.

Active Transport

Energy-requiring process moving substances against the concentration gradient, facilitated by ATP and essential for nutrient absorption.

Photosynthesis

Plant process converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, vital for energy production and oxygen release.

Aerobic Respiration

Complete oxidation of glucose with oxygen to produce energy, contrasting with anaerobic respiration that yields less energy and lactic acid.