Exam 2 Bio Anthro

evolution of primates and their categories

what does taxonomy reflect?

evolution and biological relationship

what did Jane Goodall study?

chimps

what is Diane Fossey study?

gorillas

what did Harry Harlow study?

nurture vs nature

He was a psycologist not a primatologist

similarities of primates

1. body hair

2. long gestation period

3. mammary glands

4. generalized dentition

5. constant body temp

6. increased brain size

7. increased capacity for learning

Differences in primates

1. limbs and locomotion

2. flexible limb structure

3. hand and feet have a grasping ability (prehensile)

4. five fingers and toes

5. possible thumbs

6. nails not claws

7. tactile pads - sensory pads to feel hot and cold or texture

what is the dentition of anthropoids?

2 : 1 : 2: 3

what is the dentition of prosimians?

2:1:3:3

What are prosimians?

lemurs

laurises

tarsiers

What are the characteristics of prosimians?

rely on smell over vision

mobile ears

whiskers/fixed snout

less facial expression

What are lemurs?

found in Madagascar and the southeastern coast of Africa

size range from nouse to 4ft

locomotion is by verticle clinging and leaping

female dominance in group

eats mostly fruit, leaves, bark, flowers, nuts and insects

What are lorises?

found in Southeast Asia and the Sahara

all are nocturnal

locomotion is vertical clinging and leaping for bushbabies and slow quadrupedal, movement for lorises

What are Tarsiers?

found in the Philippines and Indonesia

excellent night vision

eat more meat (bugs)

locomotion is vertical clinging and leaping

less dependance on smell more on vision → opposite of lemurs

taxonomy is not clear

What are the characteristics of an Anthropoid? (everything else BUT lemurs, lorises and tarsiers)

round braincase

non-mobile ear

small faces

flat muzzels

more efficient reproductive system

highly dextrous hand

What does prognathism mean?

face sticks out

What are platyrrhines?

new world monkeys

dentition - 2:1:3:3

broad, flat nose

only found in the new world - central and south america

have 3 pre-molars

some have a prehensile tail

What is a prehensile tail?

ability to grasp objects with tail

What are catarrhines?

all old world monkeys, apes and humans

narrow nose/nostrils face downward

None have prehensile tails

All have 2 molars

located in Asia and Africa

Some have rough patches of skin on the bottom

T/F : old world monkeys have tails

true

T/F : apes have tails

False

T/F : new world monkeys have tails

True, all new world monkeys have tails

What does it mean when a primate is arboreal

they live in the trees

What doe sit mean when a primate is terrestrial?

They live on the ground

What are the characteristics of an arboreal primate?

1. small

2. reach more food

3. agile

4. safety from predators

5. less noticeable

What are the characteristics of a terrestrial primate?

1. bigger

2. limited food

3. larger size inhibits peditors

4. more marked sexual dimorphism

5. specializations in anatomy to deal with ground living

What are the characteristics of cercopithecinae?

Baboons and macaques

great sexual dimorphism

eat more fruit than colobines

pouch cheek to store food

ischial callouses on bottom

What are all the primates within the hominoidea category?

Hylobates - gibbons and siamangs

Pongids - orangutans and gorillas

Hominids - chimps and bonobos

What features do hominoidea have different from other primates?

1. large brains with an increased cerebral cortex, which holds and processes data

2. long arms with short trunks

3. no tails

4. strongest of all primates

5. molars are flatter as opposed to having 2 ridges (bilophodont)

what is a hylobate?

Gibbons and siamangs

South East Asia

most agile of all apes

fruit and insect eaters

excellent brachiators

also terrestrial

small in size

mate for life

live in small groups

What are pongids?

orangutans

flange - beard skin flap on males

indonesia islands

marled sexual dimorphism

arboreal

climb rather than swing in trees

eat fruit, bark, leaves and insects

solitary groups of mother and offspring

What are the characteristics of a gorilla?

marked sexual dimorphism

mostly terrestrial

eat leaves, bark, fruit, and insects

build nests no higher than 10 ft above ground level

All troops have one silver back male

very social troops from 10-30 gorillas

what are the different types of gorillas?

1. western lowland

• smallest of all

• usually seen in a zoo

• central africa

2. eastern lowland

• larger than Western

• eastern congo

3. Mountain gorillas

largest

long hair

most endangered

only live in mountains

Rwanda, Uganda and eastern Congo

What are the characteristics of a chimp?

weterns, eastern and Central America

sexual dimorphism

fruit and meat eaters

arboreal and terrestrial

dominate offspring → dominant parents

What is the most common chimp?

pan troglodyte

What is a pan paniscus?

bonobo chimp

What are the characteristics of a bonobo?

pygmy sexual characteristics

resort to sex when stress or violence occurs

genital rubbing

• female and female

• young male and adult male

• young male and young male

cooperative hunting (for sport)

tool usage

• sticks for termits

• leaf sponge for water drinking

• rocks for nut breaking

In what era did the dinosaurs go extinct?

mesozoic era

what was the paleozoic era?

545 - 250 mya

ancient life-fishes, amphibians, primitive reptiles

what was the mesozoic era?

250 - 65 mya

reptile, dinosaurs

what is the cenozoic era?

65 mya - current

birds and mammals

where did the astroid hit that made the dinosaurs go extinct?

Ukatain Peninsula in Mexico

What was the earth formation during Pangeae?

all the continents where connected

What was the Earth's formation in Laurasia?

North America, Europe, europe and Asia

What continents are a part of Gondwanaland

South America, Africa, India, Australia, Antarctica

What are the two periods in the cenozoic era?

Tertiary and Quaternary

How many division epochs are in the Tertiary era?

5

What is the palecene era?

65 - 55 mya

major mammal radiation (due to dino extinction)

What was the Eocene era?

55 - 35 mya

lemurs and lorises emerged

prosimians and anthropoids late Eocene

What is the Oligocene?

35 - 25 mya

new and old world monkeys

anthropoids in Africa

seperation of catarrhines and platyrrhines

What is the miocene era?

25 - 5 mya

apes

emergence of afropithecus, Ramapithecus and sivapithecus

What is the Pliocene era?

5 - 1.6 mya

early hominids emerge

how many Quaternery epochs are there?

2

What is the pleistocene era?

1.6 - 11,000 mya

ealy homo emerges

What is the holocene era?

11,000 - today

agriculture production, cities, states

Where did primates stem from?

1. emerged from insectivore-like mammals

2. shrew + mole-type animals

3. would have adapted to living in the trees and eating plants and insects

What were the first true primates?

1. Paleocene organism - plesiadapiforms

2. North America, Western Europe, Asia (Africa)

3. no opposability, no tail, specialized dentition, tiny brains

4. They are acting in the role of primates, eating, and living arboreally

What were the Eocene primates? (true primates)

1. omomyids

2. adapids

related to tarsiers and lemurs

What are the ancestors of anthropoids?

1. oligopithecids

2. parapithecids

3. proplipithecids

What are fayum primates?

1. parapithecids - 3 pre molars (New World monkeys)

2. propliopithecids - 2 premolars (Old World monkeys)

Primates evolved in Africa, then spread through South America by way of Antarctica

What are early apes?

apes in Africa stem from proceonsuluds by the Miocene

similar molar patterns, possible brachiation, similar size to chimps

What is the Perupithecus Theory?

New world monkeys evolved in africa

lived around 36 mya

had traits similar to American species that co-existed

when were orangutans first present?

12 mya

asia

When were dryopithecids first present?

14 mya

europe

what is the gigantopithecus?

part of sivipithecus family are one of the largest primates

leach 10 ft tall

up to 700lbs

roamed ancient china

extinct 500,000 yrs ago

What was the missing link between humans and chimps?

the Toumai