AP EURO CHAPTER 24 The West and the World (1815-1914)

ap euro terms

Neo-Europes

Settler colonies with established populations of Europeans, such as North America, Australia, NewZealand, and Latin America, where Europe found outlets for population growth and its profitable investment opportunities in the 19th century.

Opium Wars

To mid-nineteenth-century conflicts between China and Great Britain over the British trade in opium,which was designed to "open" China to European free trade. And defeat, trying to do European traders and missionaries increased protection and concessions.

Gunboat diplomacy

The use or threat of military force to coerce government into economic or political agreements.

Global mass migration

The mass movement of people from Europe in the 19th century; one reason that the West's impact on the world was so powerful and many-sided.

Nativism

Policies and beliefs, often influenced by nationalism, scientific racism, and mass migration, that give preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants.

Berlin conference

A meeting of European leaders held in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in the sub-Sierra.

The white man's burden

The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living.

The Great Rebellion

The 1857 and 1850 at insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army that spread throughout northern and central India before finally being crushed.

Meiji Restoration

The restoration of the Japanese Emperor to power in 1867, leading to the subsequent modernization of Japan.

The hundred days of reform

A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.

How did the Industrial revolution in Europe impact the pattern of global development?

The gap between the rich and the poor widened throughout the 19th century. Additionally, this pattern of uneven global development evolved into a world with a rich north and a poor south.

In the early 1800s, which European country was the most profitable relating to international commerce?

Great Britain took the lead by cultivating export markets in Europe and around the world. In addition to dominance of the export market, Great Britain was also the world's largest importer of foreign goods. Under free-trade policies, open access to Britain's market stimulated the development of mines and plantations in many non-Western areas.

Why was the establishment of railroads in Asia, South America, and Africa so important?

Such railroads connected seaports with resource-rich inland cities and regions. Railroads dovetailed effectively with Western economic interests, facilitating the inflow and sale of Western manufactured goods and the export and the development of local raw materials.

What is the significance of new communication systems in the 1880s?

New communications systems were used to direct the flow of goods across global networks. Transoceanic telegraph cables (1880) enabled rapid communications among the financial centers of the world.

Treaty of Nanking in 1842

Under this treaty the Imperial Chinese government was required to cede the island of Hong Kong to Britain forever, pay an indemnity of $100 million, and open up for large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs.

The Second Opium War (1856-1860

This culminated in the occupation of Beijing by 17,000 British and French troops, who intentionally burned down the emperor's summer palace.

Japanese isolation

The Japanese government decided to expel all foreigners and seal off the country from all European influences in order to preserve traditional Japanese culture and society. This isolation seemed hostile and barbaric to the West, particularly to the United States.

Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)

He cultivated new lands, reformed the Egyptian government, and improved communication networks while governor. By the end of his reign in 1848, he established a strong and virtually independent Egyptian state.

Ismail Ali

Grandson of Muhammad Ali who ruled after him. This "governor" kept Muhammad's westernizing tactics going but got a little too impatient and reckless. He went broke and Britain ended up taking over. Under his leadership, Egyptian support of French company led to the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869.

French and British intervention in Egypt

France and Great Britain intervened and forced Ismail to appoint French and British commissioners to oversee Egyptian finances and ensure payment of the Egyptian debt in full.

Colonel Ahmed Arabi

Due to issues in Egypt, he formed the Egyptian Nationalist party against European powers; he also forced Ismail to abdicate in favor of his weak son, Tewfiq; he led revolt against Brits but lost.

Tewfiq Ali (r. 1879-1892)

The weak-willed son of Ismail who the Egyptians rebelled against. He later became the puppet ruler of Egypt for the British. Following his acquisition of power, there were bloody anti-European riots in Alexandria in 1882.

Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him.

Boer War (1899-1902)

War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.

King Leopold II of Belgium & South Africa

By 1876 King Leopold II of Belgium had a planned expansion that focused on Central Africa. Leopold formed a financial syndicate under his personal control to send Henry M. Stanley, to the Congo basin. Stanley established trading stations, signed unfair treaties with African chiefs, and planted the Belgian flag

Pierre de Brazza

Led an expedition for France, and in 1880, he signed a treaty of protection with the chief of a large Teke tribe and began to establish a French protectorate on the North Bank of the Congo River.

The Berlin Conference

This established the principle that European claims to African territory had to rest on "effective occupation". This meant that Europeans would push relentlessly into interior regions from all sides and that no single European power would be able to claim the entire continent

British intervention in Sudan

In 1898 British troops were opposed by Sudanese Muslim troops at Omdurman where the British troops destroyed their opposition by the use of machine guns. The British conquest of Sudan exemplifies the general process of empire building in Africa.

J. A. Hobson (1858-1940

As a radical English economist, he specifically argued that the quest for empire diverted popular attention away from domestic reform and the need to reduce the great gap between rich and poor.

The Great Rebellion (India)

an insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army that spread throughout northern and central India before it was crushed, primarily by loyal native troops from southern India.

White women's burden

A small minority of British women—many of them feminists, social reformers, or missionaries, both married and single—sought to go further in improving India. These women tried especially to improve the lives of Indian women, both Hindu and Muslim, promoting education and legislation to move them closer to better conditions they believed Western women had attained

Hundred days of reform (China)

Launched by young Chinese emperor. New laws were created that modernized civil service exams, streamline government, and encouraged new industry. Reforms also affected schools, the military and the bureaucracy. Conservatives rallied against these reforms and imprisoned the emperor.