Studied by 8 people
Charles Spearman
Thought that a basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas
L.L Thurstone
Thought our intelligence may be broken down into seven distinct factors
Howard Gardner
our abilities are best classified into 8 or 9 independent intelligences
Robert Sternberg
thought our intelligence is best classified into 3 areas that predict real world success: analytical, creative, and practical
Francis Galton
Had a bias toward believing genius was inherited
Alfred Binet
Thought that children could be categorized as incapable of learning. Came up with the idea of mental age
Lewis terman
believed that intelligence was innate (people are born with the intelligence they have)
David Wechsler
Developed the Wechsler adult intelligence scale (Wais)
Carol Dweck
pioneered research and findings that show that believing intelligence can change creates a growth mindset
intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
general intelligence (g)
according to spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters or related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a persons total score
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
grit
in psychology, is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
achievement test
a test design to assess what a person has learned
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a persons future performance
mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by binet; the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age
stnaford-binet
the widely used american revision of binets original intelligence test
intelligence quotient (IQ)
defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age, multiplied by 100. on contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS)
this and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests; they contain verbal and performance subtests
standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
normal curve
bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting
validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to
content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
predictive validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; is is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
cohort
a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood
cross-sectional study
research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
longitudinal study
research that follows and retests the same people over time
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life
down syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. This may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
recall
a measure of memory in which the person much retrieve information learned earlier
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
retrieval
the process of getting information out of the memory storage
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions
sensory memory
the immediate very brief recording of sensory information n the memory system
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
working memory
a newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, of well-learned information
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding semantically, based of the meaning of words; tends to yield the best retention
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowlefge
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
flashbulb memory
a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
long-term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid, stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from ones past
proactive interference
the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
retroactive interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
misinformation effect
occurs when misleading information has distorted ones memory of an event
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where informaiton was learned or imagined
deja vu
that eerie sense that “Ive experienced this before.” cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
concept
a metal grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
creativity
the ability to produce new and valuable ideas
convergent thinking
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
heuristics
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but more error-prone
insight
a sudden realization of a problems solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
fixation
in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
representativeness heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent , or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
belief perserverance
clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worked can significantly affect decisions and judgements
language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
phoneme
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
grammar
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
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