McGraw Hill Smartbook - Chapter 10 - Endocrine System

Which of the following systems uses hormones as a primary means of communication?

Endocrine

Which two of the following organ systems function in coordination to control body functions and maintain homeostasis?

-Endocrine

-Nervous

-Lymphatic

-Integumentary

-Urinary

-Endocrine

-Nervous

Which of the following are characteristics of endocrine glands?

-They are ductless.

-They are connected to body surfaces.

-They contain ducts.

-They secrete hormones into the bloodstream

-They are ductless.

-They secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

Which of the following are components of the endocrine system?

Cells, tissues and organs that are collectively called glands, and the hormones they secrete

The endocrine system includes ___.

glands that secrete hormones

Hormones are substances ___.

-secreted by endocrine glands

-that act on target cells

-that allow cells of the nervous system to communicate with each other and with muscles and glands

-secreted by endocrine glands

-that act on target cells

The endocrine system communicates using ___.

chemical signals called hormones

What is a target cell?

A cell that has a receptor with binding sites for a specific hormone

The organ system that produces fast-acting effects is the __________ system, whereas the one that produces longer-lasting effects is ______________ the system.

-nervous

-endocrine

Steroid hormones ___.

-are soluble in lipids

-are insoluble in water

-move easily through lipid bilayers of plasma membranes

-must bind to receptors in the cell membrane

-are soluble in lipids

-are insoluble in water

-move easily through lipid bilayers of plasma membranes

Glands that contain tubes or ducts are called _________ glands. Glands that are ductless and releases their secretions into the bloodstream are _____________ glands.

-exocrine

-endocrine

Hormones which are not lipid soluble (such as peptides and proteins) and bind to receptors on the target cell membranes are ___________ hormones.

nonsteroid

Hormones that are soluble in lipids and thus diffuse into cells relatively easily are thyroid hormones and ____________hormones.

steroid

A nonsteroid hormone that binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane is the __________ messenger.

first

The first messenger nonsteroid hormone ___.

binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane

Substances secreted by endocrine glands which diffuse into the blood and eventually act on target cells are ______________

hormones

Cells that have specific receptors and that can respond to a hormone are called ____________- cells.

target

Nonsteroid hormones usually bind to receptors on the ___.

cell membrane

A substance such as cAMP that is generated in response to a hormone binding to a cell-surface receptor is called a(n) _____________messenger.

second

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a second messenger that induces changes in the cell in response to a hormone (first messenger) binding to a(n) ___.

receptor

As hormone levels ___ in the blood, negative feedback inhibits the system and hormone secretion decreases. As hormone levels ___, inhibition of the system ceases and secretion of that hormone increases again.

-increase

-decrease

The pituitary gland is connected to the ___________ by the short stalk of tissue and it lies in a depression of the ___________ bone.

-hypothalamus

-sphenoid

Releasing hormones of the ____________ control secretions from the following anterior pituitary hormones: growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

hypothalamus

_____________ hormone is released by the anterior pituitary; it stimulates cell division, increases protein synthesis and causes bone elongation.

growth

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland is ___.

TSH

Hormone levels in the bloodstream remain relatively stable, tending to fluctuate slightly above and below an average value (as it is illustrated by this picture). This is the result of ______________ feedback.

negative

Identify the gland of the endocrine system that is located in a depression of the sphenoid bone and is attached to the hypothalamus.

Pituitary

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of hormones from the cortical portion of the adrenal gland is __________ (abbreviation for the hormone).

ACTH

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are synthesized in the adrenal _____________ of the adrenal glands.

medulla

Which of the following glands secretes ACTH?

anterior pituitary

Match the anterior pituitary hormone with its action.

-Growth Hormone (GH)

-Prolactin (PRL)

-Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

-Luteinizing hormone (LH)

-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

-Stimulates cells to enlarge and divide more frequently

-Stimulates and sustains milk production

-Controls secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland

-In females stimulates development of egg-containing follicles in ovaries, stimulates estrogen production; in males stimulates development of sperm cells

-Promotes secretion of sex hormones; plays role in releasing egg from ovary in females

-Controls secretion of various hormones from adrenal cortex

Based on the site of their target cells, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are referred to as a type of hormone called a ________________

gonadotropin

Growth hormone ___.

-stimulates cell division

-increases cellular use of fats

-is released by the anterior pituitary

-decreases synthesis of proteins

-stimulates cell division

-increases cellular use of fats

-is released by the anterior pituitary

Indicate which of the following are the gonadotropins secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

-Growth hormone (GH)

-Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

-Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

-Luteinizing hormone (LH)

-Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

-Luteinizing hormone (LH)

The gonadotropins secreted by the ______ pituitary gland are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and ______.

-anterior

- luteinizing hormone (LH)

select the characteristics of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

-A regulating hormone secreted by the hypothalamus

-A hormone that is regulated by Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

-A hormone that controls thyroid gland secretions

-A hormone produced in the anterior pituitary

-A hormone that is regulated by Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

-A hormone that controls thyroid gland secretions

-A hormone produced in the anterior pituitary

_______ in males stimulates the secretion of testosterone.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

The hormone that sustains milk production after giving birth is called ___________

Prolactin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the _______. Nerve impulses cause their release from the ______ (where they are stored) into the bloodstream.

hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

The ovaries and testes are targets of which of the following anterior pituitary hormones?

-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

-Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

-Prolactin (PRL)

-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

-Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

The hormone that causes contraction of muscles in the uterine wall during childbirth and also ejection of milk from secreting glands in lactating breasts is ____________

oxytocin

Match the hormone with its function in biological males.

-Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

-Luteinizing hormone (LH)

-Stimulates sperm production

-Promotes the secretion of testosterone

The endocrine gland indicated by a letter "A" is the _____________ gland. The endocrine glands indicated by a letter "B" are the _________________glands.

-thyroid

-parathyroid

Which of the following is the role of prolactin (PRL)?

It sustains milk production after giving birth.

True or false: Iodine is essential to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3)

True

True or false: Sex hormones produced in the adrenal cortex supplement the sex hormones produced by the gonads.

True

True or false: Homeostasis is usually achieved by hormone secretion regulated by a positive feedback mechanism.

False

True or false: Certain glands of the digestive tract are also components of the endocrine system.

true

True or false: The thymus is a small gland at birth that increases in size with age.

False

Two hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. They are released into the bloodstream in response to nerve impulses coming from the hypothalamus. These hormones are ___ and oxytocin.

ADH

The hormones that are the major factors determining how many calories the body must consume at rest (basal metabolic rate) are ___.

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Which of the following are essential to cells in the thyroid to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

Iodine salts

The opposite effects of ___ (secreted by the thyroid gland) and ___ (secreted by the parathyroid gland) maintain calcium ion homeostasis.

calcitonin; parathyroid hormone (PTH)

The hormone that lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations by inhibiting the bone-reabsorbing activity of osteoclasts and by increasing excretion of calcium and phosphate ions in the kidney is ____________.

Calcitonin

The role of calcitonin is to ___.

decrease blood calcium concentration

Calcitonin ___ blood calcium by inhibiting their release from bones and by increasing their rate of deposit in bones; it also increases excretion of calcium by the kidney

lowers

The hormone _____ causes the contractions of labor

oxytocin

The small glands, which are normally found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are the ________________ glands.

parathyroid

The large endocrine gland that consists of two lobes connected by a broad isthmus, is just below the larynx is the ___ gland

thyroid

Which of the following are functions of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?

-Promote protein synthesis

-Lower blood calcium and phosphate levels

-Increase the rate of metabolism

-Enhance neuron function

-Promote protein synthesis

-Increase the rate of metabolism

-Enhance neuron function

The glands indicated at the end of the arrows are the ___ glands.

parathyroid

he gland indicated by the arrow is the ____________ gland.

adrenal

The small glands, which are normally found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are the ________________glands.

parathyroid

Which of the following hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?

-Cortisol

-Sex hormones

-Aldosterone

-Insulin

-Epinephrine

-Cortisol

-Sex hormones

-Aldosterone

The adrenal glands are located atop each ______

kidney

The hormone ___, which is secreted by the adrenal ___, causes the kidney to conserve sodium ions and excrete potassium ions and indirectly helps to maintain systemic blood pressure.

-aldosterone

-cortex

The ______ controls the response to stress in order to maintain homeostasis by initiating hormonal signals and neural signals.

hypothalamus

A negative feedback mechanism involving secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland controls the secretion of the hormone called ___________________.

cortisol

The adrenal medulla hormones include epinephrine, also called ___, and norepinephrine, also called ___.

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Aldosterone, cortisol and certain sex hormones (androgens) are secreted from the adrenal ______________ layer of the adrenal glands.

cortex

Aldosterone is a ___ that causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water and to excrete potassium ions.

mineralocorticoid

The pancreas is ___.

-located within the abdominal cavity anterior to the stomach

-connected to the digestive system through a duct.

-an elongated organ

-connected to the digestive system through a duct.

-an elongated organ

The elongated organ that lies within the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach responsible for the secretion of insulin is the ___.

Multiple choice question.

pancreas

When the body senses danger, nerve impulses to the ________________ in the brain trigger physiological responses that preserve homeostasis

hypothalamus

The pancreatic hormone that stimulates an increase in blood glucose levels is ____________

glucagon

Cortisol secretion is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism involving secretion of ___ from the anterior pituitary gland.

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Sex hormones produced in the adrenal cortex are of the ______ type, although some can be converted into ______ hormones by the liver, skin and adipose tissue.

male; female

The hormone ___, which is secreted by the adrenal ___, causes the kidney to conserve sodium ions and excrete potassium ions and indirectly helps to maintain systemic blood pressure.

aldosterone; cortex

Glucagon increases blood glucose because it ___.

-stimulates the liver to break down glycogen

-causes hypersecretion of cortisol

-converts non carbohydrates (i.e. amino acids) into glucose

-stimulates the liver to break down glycogen

-converts non carbohydrates (i.e. amino acids) into glucose

Insulin and glucagon function in coordination to maintain a relatively stable blood ________________ concentration.

glucose

A negative feedback mechanism involving secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland controls the secretion of the hormone called _________

insulin

Which mechanism(s) take(s) place when blood glucose is high?

-Pancreatic cells secrete Insulin

-Insulin promotes movement of glucose into certain cells

-Pancreatic cells secrete glucagon

-Insulin stimulates formation of glycogen from glucose

-Pancreatic cells secrete Insulin

-Insulin promotes movement of glucose into certain cells

-Insulin stimulates formation of glycogen from glucose

identify the causes of diabetes mellitus.

-Hyposecretion of anti-diuretic hormone

-Inability of cells to recognize ADH

-Hypersecretion of insulin

-Inability of cells to recognize insulin

-Hyposecretion of insulin

-Inability of cells to recognize insulin

-Hyposecretion of insulin

Which of the following are characteristics of diabetes mellitus type 1?

-Treatment requires insulin injections and a restrictive diet.

-Symptoms normally appear in people over 40.

-Pancreatic cells are affected by an autoimmune mechanism.

-Treatment requires insulin injections and a restrictive diet.

-Pancreatic cells are affected by an autoimmune mechanism.

The pancreatic hormones __________ and _______________function together to stabilize blood glucose concentration through a negative feedback mechanism.

-insulin

-glucagon

Which pair of hormones acts antagonistically to one another?

Insulin and glucagon

An excessive production of insulin may lead to a condition of low blood sugar called

hypoglycemia

Insulin is regulated through a ___ feedback mechanism. When blood glucose is ___, pancreatic cells secrete insulin

negative; high

The homeostasis mechanism in the illustration is a ___________ feedback system.

negative

Which of the following best describes a disease resulting from an abnormal glucose metabolism and hyposecretion or inaction of insulin?

Diabetes mellitus

______ is an autoimmune disorder that affects pancreatic cells halting insulin secretion. It usually appears before age twenty. The treatment requires insulin injections and a restrictive diet.

Diabetes mellitus type 1

Hypoglycemia is a condition ___.

of low blood sugar

As a group, the hormones that promote maturation of female sexual characteristics are ___.

estrogens

What are the main roles of testosterone in males?

-Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics.

-Decreases sexual activity by affecting certain parts of the brain.

-Stimulates maturity of the male sex organs.

-Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics.

-Stimulates maturity of the male sex organs.

Glands that are also components of the endocrine system include ___.

-gallbladder and appendix

-pineal gland

-reproductive organs

-thymus

-certain glands of the digestive tract

-pineal gland

-reproductive organs

-thymus

-certain glands of the digestive tract

The pineal gland is located ___.

between the cerebral hemispheres, attached to the upper portion of the thalamus

The small oval gland located between the hemispheres of the brain attached to the upper portion of the thalamus is the __________ gland.

pineal

The endocrine gland responsible for the body's wake-sleep cycle is the ___ gland

pineal

The pineal gland secretes _____________ in response to light conditions outside the body.

melatonin

The primary female sex hormones secreted by developing ovarian follicles are ____________

estrogen