Biology

what are the 4 key points of cell theory

1. all living things are composed of living cells

2. the cell is the basic functional unit of life

3. cells arise from preexisting cells

4. cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. this genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell

Why are viruses not considered living organisms (2)

1. replicate by invading other organisms

2. they use RNA as their genetic information

what do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotes dont

1. could be multicellular

2. has a nucleus enclosed in a membrane

3. membrane bound organelles

what do prokaryotes cells have that eukaryotes dont

1. unicellular only

2. no nucleus

what is it

cell membrane

what is it

nuclear membrane

what is it

lysosome

what is it

mitochondrion

what is it

cytoplasm

what is it

ribosomes

what is it

endoplasmic reticulum

what is it

golgi appratus

what is it

nucleus

what is it

nucleolus

what is it

centrioles

what is it

endocytotic vesicle

what are organelles suspended in, in eukaryotic cells

semifluid cytosol

what are membranes of eukaryotic cells made of

phospholipid bilayer

what is the cytosol

allows from the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

what happens in the nucleus

genetic material is encoded in DNA, ehich is organized in chromosomes

how do eukaryotic cells reproduce

mitosis

what surrounds the nucleus

nuclear membrane aka envelope

what is the nuclear membrane

a double membrane that maintains a nuclear enviroment seprate and distinct from the cytoplasm

what are nuclear pores

are in the nuclear membrane and allows selective two-way exchange of material between cytoplasm and the nucleus

what are genes

coding regions for DNA

what are hitsones

Linear DNA that is wound around organizing proteins

what are chromsomes

hostones that are wound further

what is the nucleolus

a subsection of the nucleus where RNA is synthesized

What are the 2 layers of the mitochonrion

outer membrane and inner membrane

what is the outer membrane

is a barrier between cytosol and inner membranes

what is inner membrane

is arreanged in cristae, and containes the moleculles and enzymes of the electron transport chain

what is the space in between the outer and inner membrane called

inter-membrane space

what is the space in the inner membrane called

intermatrix

what is cristae

multiple infoldings

what is the proton motive force

these protons flow through ATP synthase to generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

how do mitochondria replicate

binary fission

what establishes proton motive force

the pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matric to the intermembrane space

what is it

nutrients and oxygen

what is it

ATP

what is it

inner membrane

what is it

energy-producing machinery

what is it

matrix

what is it

molecular complex

what is it

mitochondrial DNA

what is it

mitochondrion

what is cytoplasmic inheritance aka

extranuclear inheritance

what is cytoplasmic inheritance

the transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

what does the mitochondria do

keep the cell alive by providing energy

how do mitochondria cause apoptosis

by releasing enzymes from the electron transport chain

define invaginations

the action or process of being turned inside out or folded back on itself, to form a cavity or pouch

what are lysosomes

membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are also capable of breaking down many different substrates, including substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products

endosomes do what

transport, package and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane

lysosomes and endosomes do what

Endosomes are capable of transporting materials to the trans-golgi, to the cell membrane, or the lysosomal pathway for degradation. The lysosomal membrane sequesters these enzymes to prevent damage to the cell

what is autolysis and what does it cause

a process that releases enzymes that can cause damage, it causes apoptosis

True or False. All cells have the same relative distribution of organelles

False. NOT all cells have the same relative distribution of organelles. Form follows functions

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

a series of interconnected membranes that are actually contiguous with the nuclear envelope.

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

smooth ER and rough ER

what is the rough ER (RER)

is studded with ribosomes, which permits the translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen

what is the smooth ER (SER) (3)

is utilized primarily for lipid synthesis and the detoxification of certain drugs and poisons. Also transports proteins from RER to the Golgi apparatus

what is the golgi apparatus

cellular products from the endoplasmic reticulum may be modified by the addition of groups like carbohydrates, phophates, and sulfates. It also can modify cellular products through the introduction of signal sequences, which direct the delivery of the product to a specific cellular location

when is exocytosis used

when the golgi apparatus directs a product for secretion, the secretory vesicle merges with the cell membrane and its contents are released via exocytosis

what is exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

what do peroxisomes do

1. breakdown very long cahin fatty acids via B-oxidation.

2. participation in the synthesis of phospholipids and contain some of the enzymes involved in pentose phophate pathway

what does the cytoskeleton do

provides structure to the cell and helps it to maintain its shape and is also a conduit for the transport of materials around the cell

what are the 3 components of cytoskeleton

1. microfialments

2. microtubules

3. intermediate filaments

what are microfilaments made up of

made up of solid polymerized rods of actin and resistant to compression and fracture, proving protection for the cell. The actin filaments can also use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin

whats myosin

a fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells.

What do microfilaments do

1. play a role in cytokinesis'

2. cleavage furrow is made from microfilaments

what is cleavage furrow

the cleavage furrow is the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage

what are microtubules made of

hollow polymers of tubulin proteins

what is the role of microtubules in cytoskeleton

provides the primary pathways along which motor proteins like kinesin and dynein carry vesicles

what is cilia

are projections from a cell that are primarily involved in the movement of materials along the surface of a cell

what is is cilia made of

microtubules

what is flagella made of

microtubules

what is flagella

structures involved in the movement of the cell itself

what are centrioles

they are organizing centers for microtubuls

where are centrioles found

in the centrosome

what are some intermediate filaments

keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins

what do intermediate filaments do (3)

1. many are involved in cell-cell adhesion

2. maintenance of overall integrity of cytoskeleton

3. help anchor other organelles

what are the 4 typyes of tissue

1. epithial tissue

2. cennective tissue

3. muscle tissue

4. nervous tissue

what is epithelial tissue (3)

1. covers the body and lines its cavities,

2. providing a means for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation.

3. Are also involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation

what is basement membrane

the underlying layer of connective tissues that connects epithial cells that are tightly joined to each other

define parenchyma

the functional parts of the organ

what does it mean when epithial cells are polarized

one side faces a lumen or the outside world , while the other side interacts with underlying bood vessels and strucutal cells

how many layers of epithial cells does simple epithelia have

1

how many layers of epithial cells does stratified epithelia have

multiple layers

how many layers of epithial cells does pseudostratified epithelia have

appear to have multiple layers due to difference in height

what is the cuboidal shape of epithial cells

cube-shaped

what is the columnar shape of epithial cells

cells are long and thin

what is the squamous shape of epithial cells

cells are flat and scale-like

What is the connective tissue

1. supports body and provides framwork for epithial cells to carry ou their functions

2. main contributers to stroma ot support structure

3. most cells in connective tissues produce and secrete materials such as collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix

A child is diagnosed with an enzyme defiicency that prevents the production of hydrogen peroxide. What would the likley outcome be of such a deficiency

Peroxisomes are dependent on hydrogen peroxide for their function, so an enzyme deffiecincy that results in an inability to form hydrogen peroxide would likley result in an inability to digest very long chain fatty acids. These fatty acids would build in peroxisomes until they displaced cellular contents, ultimatly resulting in cell death

what are the 3 overarching somains

archea, bacteria, and euaryka

what are archaea creatures

single-celled organisms and have genes and metabolic pathways. They use alternative sources of energy

define extremophiles

most commonly isolated from harsh enviroments with extreme high temperature, high salinity, or no light

what are bacteria organisms

all bacteria contain a cell membrane and cytoplasm, while some have flagella or frimbae

define mutulistic symbiotes

both humans and bacteria benefit from the relationship

define pathogens/parasites

they provide no advantage or benefit to the host, but rather cause disease

what are the 3 shapes of bacteria

cocci, bacilli, and spirilli

what bacteria shape is cocci

spherical bacteria