a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
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Instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
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Drive-reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
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Homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
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Incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which perfermance decreases
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Hierarchy of Needs
maslow’s pyramid of human needs, begins with physiological needs that must be met before reaching psychological needs
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Glucose
form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source for body tissues; when its level is low, we feel hunger
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Set Point
point at which your “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
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Basal Metabolic Rate
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
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Testosterone
important male sex hormone; present in men & women
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Estrogens
sex hormones more prevalent in females than males
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Affiliation Need
the need to build relationships & to feel part of a group
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Ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
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Narcissism
excessive self-love & self-absorption
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Achievement Motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment
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Grit
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals
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Personality
on individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, & acting
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Psychodynamic Theories
view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
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Psychoanalysis
theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
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Unconscious
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
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Free Association
a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind
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Id
reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
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Ego
largely conscious; mediates between the id & superego; operates on the reality principle
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Superego
represents internalized ideas and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations
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Psychosexual Stages
childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
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Oedipus Complex
a boy’s sexual desirer toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for their rival father
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Identification
process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
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Fixation
lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
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Defense Mechanisms
ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Repression
basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Collective Unconscious
concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
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Projective Test
a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
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Thematic Apperception Test
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
a set of 10 inkblots that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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Terror-management Theory
theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
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Self-efficacy
one’s sense of competence and effectiveness
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Self-serving Bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorable
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Emotion
a response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience
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James-Lange Theory
theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
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Cannon-Bard Theory
theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
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Two-factor Theory
theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
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Polygraph
machine that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion; commonly used to detect lies
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Facial Feedback Effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
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Behavior Feedback Effect
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions
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Catharsis
emotional release
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Feel-good, do-good Phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
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Subjective Well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
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Adaption-level Phenomenon
our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
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Relative Deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
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Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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General Adaption Syndrome
Seyle’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
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Tend and Befriend
under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from other
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Health Psychology
a subfield of pysch that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
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Psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
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Coronary Heart Disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
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Type A
term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
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Type B
term for easygoing, relaxed people
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Problem-focused Coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that st
ressor
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Emotion-focused Coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attempting to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
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Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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External Locus of Control
the perception that chance or outside focus beyond our personal control determine our fate
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Internal Locus of Control
the perception that we control our fate
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Self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater long-term rewards
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Aerobic Exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
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Humanistic Theories
view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
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Self-actualization
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
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Unconditional Positive Regard
according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
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Trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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Personality Inventory
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess personality traits
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
MMPI; most widely researched and clinically used of all personality traits
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Empirically Derived Test
a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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Social-cognitive Persepctive
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context
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Reciprocal Determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
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Self
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
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Spotlight Effect
overestimating other’s noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
Studied by 1 person
