Survey of Human Growth and Development final

Human Lifespan Development

Study of human growth, maturation, and adaptation from infancy to old adulthood to the elderly phases of life

Biomedical Model

the body is a machine and the body can only be fixed by doctors; the mind and body are separate entities that don’t interrelate; emphasizes pharmacological treatments for biological abnormalities  

Biopsychosocial Model

 people are beings affected biologically, socially, and psychologically

Psychodynamic Approach

Focuses on unconscious thoughts and the interplay of id, ego, and superego in personality development.

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Describes personality development through eight stages from infancy to adulthood.

Social Learning Theory

People learn by observing and imitating others' behaviors.

Conception Stages

Sperm transport, egg transport, fertilization, and embryo development.

Twin Conception

Fraternal twins result from two eggs, identical twins from one egg division.

Germ Layers

Ectoderm (skin, nervous system), endoderm (digestive, respiratory systems), mesoderm (muscle, skeletal systems).

Labor Stages

Dilation, baby delivery, afterbirth, and placenta expulsion.

Piaget's Theory

Children think differently from adults, involving schemas, assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium, and disequilibrium.

Reflexes

Sensorimotor stage reflexes like rooting, palmar grasp, stepping, Moro, and sucking reflexes.

Erikson's Stages

Trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt stages in psychosocial development.

Motor Skills

Fine motor skills (small hand muscles) and gross motor skills (larger body muscles).

Apgar Scale

Assessment tool for newborns based on appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.

NBAS

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale evaluates infant behavior and neurological responses.

SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, unexplained death of infants under one year, often associated with sleep.

Average Human Lifespan

72 years old

Jeanne Calemm

Oldest person in the world

Nature

things acquired by genetic or hereditary influences 

Nurture

things that are influenced by the environment we live in

Universal development:

all children develop the same way regardless of culture 

Context Specific Development

the aspects of a child's life are directly affected by their culture

Continuity

development is a continuous process that is gradual and cumulative 

Discontinuity

people pass through stages of life qualitatively different from each other 

Hippocrates

The father of medicine

 psychodynamic

approach to psychology that emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior

Psychoanalysis

is a therapeutic approach that aims to bring unconscious thoughts and feelings to the conscious mind, developed by Sigmund Freud.

Who made the Psychodynamic and the psychoanalysis theories

Sigmund Freud

Anna O

was Dr. Yosef patient and then Dr. Freud (helped discover psychosis) 

ID

is the basic unconscious personality driven by sexual and aggressive impulses 

Ego

 deals with reality; decision-making personality

Superego

 is the last to develop and deals with morals and judgment

3 divisions of psychodynamic analysis

ID, EGO, SUPEREGO

Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 

Personality develops in a predetermined order in 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to adulthood 

Completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and basic virtues

Albert Bandura

conducted the Bobo Doll experiment 

The Bobo Doll experiment

Discovered the Social Learning Theory; People learn by observing others' behavior and imitating and modeling that behavior

Paul Baltes believed in multi-directional development throughout all life 

Growth and change occur at all points of life, in many different directions at once 

Continues development throughout all life and no age period dominates development

Genes

Genes carry the information that determines our physical traits, a segment of genetic material

1st stage of conception: sperm transport

the sperm must be deposited and transported to the site of fertilization 

2nd Stage of conception: Egg Transport

ovulation must occur and the egg must be picked up by the fallopian tube 

When is a woman considered truly pregnant

 until she reaches the last(4th stage) of conception: implantation, The embryo must implant and begin to grow in the uterus

3rd stage of conception

Fertilization& embryo development, Union between the sperm and egg 

Semen

 white fluid that comes out of the penis when a man ejaculates

Ectoderm

the first layer of a blastocyst (makes up the skin and nervous system)

Blastocysts

a fertilized egg (early stage of an embryo) 

Endoderm

the second layer of a blastocyst (makes up the digestive and respiratory systems) 

Mesoderm

the third layer of a blastocyst (makes up muscle and skeletal systems)

How much does a woman need to be dilated to give birth

10 cm

2nd stage of labor

the delivery of the baby

3rd stage of labor

after birth, and pushing of the placenta 

1st stage of labor

dilation of the cervix (10 cm)

Jean Piaget

suggested that the way children think is different from adults

Schema

cognitive framework/concept that organizes/interprets information into categories

Assimilation

the process of applying an already existing schema to understand something new

Accommodation

the process of changing an existing schema or creating a new one because new information doesn’t fit into an existing schema

Equilibrium

when new information can be interpreted by existing schemas 

Disequilibrium

when new information can’t be interpreted by existing schemas 

Sensorimotor stage

1st stage Piaget (age range birth-2yrs) ,Time of tremendous growth and change,  using reflexes to learn about the environment 

Object permanence

important outcome of 1st stage of Piaget, The ability for a child to understand that something still exists even though they can't see or hear it 

Initiate vs guilt stage

Erik Erikson  3rd stage of psychosocial development

Trust vs mistrust stage

 Erik Erikson 1st stage of psychosocial development

Autonomy vs shame and doubt stage

Erik Erikson 2nd stage of psychosocial development (potty training)

Fine motor skills

movements we make with the small muscles of the hand 

Gross Motor Skills

movements involving the larger and stronger muscles of the body

Planter grasp

 baby will curl toes when the bottom of the foot is stimulated (disappears 5-6m old)

Rooting reflex

baby will turn their head to where they are touched (disappears 4m old)

Palmar grasp

baby grabs onto anything placed on their palm (disappears 5-6m old)

Stepping Reflex

baby puts one foot in front of the other when feet are on a flat surface(disappear 4m old)

Moro reflex

baby extends arms, legs, fingers, and arch when startled (disappears 6m old) 

Sucking reflex

 baby will immediately suck when something touches their hard palate (transition to a conscious effort 2-3m old) 

Apgar scale- Scale to access a newborn 

• Dr. Virginia Apgar 

• Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration 

• 1-10 (10 being good, 1 being bad) ( 8 is the goal) 

NBAS

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, Tool to assess an infant's interactions and overall neurological behavior 

SIDS

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 

  • Unexpected, unexplained death of an infant less than a 1yr old 

  • Associated with sleep 

using hands to find eyes or mouth 

Gross motor skills example

Holding head steady

gross motor skills example  

moving objects between hands

Fine motor skills example

Oldest debate in science

nature vs. nurture

Who focuses on the unconscious mind?

Sigmund Freud

A baby can score no less than 10 on NBAS

false

Parenting styles

Permissive, authoritarian, authoritative, uninvolved

Permissive

Child has the control, rarely give or enforces rules, overindulges child to avoid conflict

Uninvolved

uninvolved or absent, has little guidance or nurture for child

Authoritative

sets rules and expectations, solves problems with the children, open communication

Authoritarian

parent driven, sets strict rules and punishments

Do parents who abuse their children have a mental illness?

no

Ego-resiliency

Someone who is able to adapt to a changing environment and deal with stress, trauma, or setbacks

Who came up with the cognitive development

jean piaget

Sensorimotor stage

children interact with the environment

Preoperational stage

child begins to represent the world symbolically

Concrete operational stage

The child learns rules such as conservation

Formal Operational stage

Adolescent think about the future

Egocentrism

the inability to accurately assume or understand any perspective other than one's own.

Inductive reasoning

 a method of drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general.

Deductive reasoning

a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions

Conservation

a logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size

Which is the hardest stage of development

Adolescences

Who made the theory of moral development

Lawrence Kohlberg

Preconventional morality

where an individual has not yet adopted the moral principles of their society or culture