Survey of Human Growth and Development final

  • Human lifespan development is the study of how humans learn, mature, and adapt from infancy to adulthood to the elderly phases of life.

  • The average human lifespan is 72yrs old 

  • Jeanne Calemm is the oldest person in the world 

  • The oldest debate is nature vs nurture 

    • Nature: things acquired by genetic or hereditary influences 

    • Nurture: things that are influenced by the environment we live in

  • The debate of universal vs context-specific development is 

    • Universal development: all children develop the same way regardless of culture 

    • Context-specific development: the aspects of a child's life are directly affected by their culture 

  • The debate of continuity vs discontinuity development 

    • Continuity: development is a continuous process that is gradual and cumulative 

    • Discontinuity: people pass through stages of life qualitatively different from each other 

  • Hippocrates is the father of medicine 

  • The biomedical model says that the body is a machine and the body can only be fixed by doctors; the mind and body are separate entities that don’t interrelate; emphasizes pharmacological treatments for biological abnormalities  

  • The biopsychosocial model says that people are beings affected biologically, socially, and psychologically

  • Sigmund Freud and his psychodynamic and psychoanalysis theories 

  • The primary assumption of the psychodynamic approach is unconscious thoughts and approaches 

  • Anna O  was Dr. Yosef patient and then Dr. Freud (helped discover psychosis) 

  • Id is the basic unconscious personality driven by sexual and aggressive impulses 

  • Ego deals with reality; decision-making personality 

  • The superego is the last to develop and deals with morals and judgment 

  • 3 divisions of psychodynamic analysis (id, ego, superego) 

  • Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 

    • Personality develops in a predetermined order in 8 stages of psychosocial development from infancy to adulthood 

    • Completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and basic virtues 

  • Albert Bandura conducted the Bobo Doll experiment 

  • The Bobo Doll experiment discovered Social Learning Theory

    • People learn by observing others' behavior and imitating and modeling that behavior

  • Paul Baltes believed in multi-directional development throughout all life 

    • Growth and change occur at all points of life, in many different directions at once 

    • Continues development throughout all life and no age period dominates development 

  • Genes carry the information that determines our physical traits

    • A segment of genetic material 

  • 1st stage of conception: Sperm transport

    • the sperm must be deposited and transported to the site of fertilization 

  • 2nd stage of conception: Egg transport 

    • ovulation must occur and the egg must be picked up by the fallopian tube 

  • A woman is considered truly pregnant until she reaches the last(4th stage) of conception: implantation 

    • The embryo must implant and begin to grow in the uterus 

  • 3rd stage of conception: Fertilization& embryo development 

    • Union between the sperm and egg 

  • Semen is the white fluid that comes out of the penis when a man ejaculates 

  • Conception of 2 eggs leads to fraternal twins 

  • Conception of 1 egg and division of blastocyst leads to identical twins 

  • Ectoderm - the first layer of a blastocyst (makes up the skin and nervous system) 

  • Blastocysts- a fertilized egg (early stage of an embryo) 

  • Endoderm- the second layer of a blastocyst (makes up the digestive and respiratory systems) 

  • Mesoderm- the third layer of a blastocyst (makes up muscle and skeletal systems)

  • A woman has to be dilated 10 cm to give birth 

  • The second stage of labor- the delivery of the baby 

  • Third stage of labor- after birth, and pushing of the placenta 

  • First stage of labor- dilation of the cervix (10 cm)

  • Jean Piaget- suggested that the way children think is different from adults 

  • Schema- cognitive framework/concept that organizes/interprets information into categories

  • Assimilation- the process of applying an already existing schema to understand something new

  • Accommodation- the process of changing an existing schema or creating a new one because new information doesn’t fit into an existing schema

  • Equilibrium-when new information can be interpreted by existing schemas 

  • Disequilibrium- when new information can’t be interpreted by existing schemas 

  • Sensorimotor stage- 1st stage Piaget (age range birth-2yrs) 

    • Time of tremendous growth and change 

  • Sensorimotor stage- using reflexes to learn about the environment 

  • Object permanence- important outcome of 1st stage of Piaget 

    • The ability for a child to understand that something still exists even though they can't see or hear it 

  • Initiate vs guilt stage- Erik Erikson  3rd stage of psychosocial development

  • Trust vs mistrust stage- Erik Erikson 1st stage of psychosocial development

  • Autonomy vs shame and doubt stage- Erik Erikson 2nd stage of psychosocial development 

  • Fine motor skills- movements we make with the small muscles of the hand 

  • Gross motor skills- movements involving the larger and stronger muscles of the body 

  • Planter grasp - baby will curl toes when the bottom of the foot is stimulated (disappears 5-6m old)

  • Rooting reflex -baby will turn their head to where they are touched (disappears 4m old) 

  • Palmar grasp -baby grabs onto anything placed on their palm (disappears 5-6m old)

  • Stepping reflex - baby puts one foot in front of the other when feet are on a flat surface(disappear 4m old)

  • Moro reflex - baby extends arms, legs, fingers, and arch when startled (disappears 6m old) 

  • Sucking reflex - baby will immediately suck when something touches their hard palate (transition to a conscious effort 2-3m old) 

  • Apgar scale- Scale to access a newborn 

    • Dr. Virginia Apgar 

    • Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration 

    • 1-10 (10 being good, 1 being bad) ( 8 is the goal) 

  • NBAS- The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale 

    • Tool to assess an infant's interactions and overall neurological behavior 

  • SIDS- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 

    • Unexpected, unexplained death of an infant less than a 1yr old 

    • Associated with sleep 

  • Gross motor skills example: using hands to find eyes or mouth 

  • Holding head steady- gross motor skills example  

  • Fine motor skills example- moving objects between hands