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Columba livia
Commonly known as the Domestic Pigeon.
Rattus norvegicus
Common species used in medical research, also known as the Norway Rat.
Operculum
A protuberance covering the external nares in birds.
Pterylae
Feather tracts on birds where feathers originate.
Apteria
Patches of bare skin on birds between feather tracts.
Remiges
The flight feathers of birds, associated with the wings.
Rectrices
Tail feathers of birds.
Calamus
The hollow base of a feather that anchors it to the skin.
Rhachis
The central shaft of a feather.
Vane
The parts of a feather that extend from either side of the rhachis.
Cloaca
The common passage for excretory and reproductive systems in birds.
Eustachian tubes
Tubes that connect the middle ear to the throat.
Hyoid apparatus
A structure in birds that supports the tongue.
Pectoralis major
The main muscle responsible for wing movement in birds.
Supracoracoideus
A muscle that assists in lifting the wings of birds.
Syrinx
The sound-producing organ in birds located at the base of the trachea.
Crop
Storage organ for food in birds.
Proventriculus
The glandular part of a bird's stomach before the gizzard.
Ventriculus
The muscular part of a bird's stomach, also known as the gizzard.
Colic caeca
Outpocketings in the intestine of birds, function unknown.
Liver
An organ that produces bile, located ventral to the stomach in birds.
Pancreas
An organ that produces digestive enzymes, located near the small intestine.
Metanephric kidneys
The paired kidneys found in higher vertebrates, including birds and mammals.
Vasa deferentia
The ducts that carry sperm from the testes to the urethra in male mammals.
Ovary
The organ that produces ova in female animals.
Uterus
The organ in female mammals where fertilized eggs develop.
Epididymis
The coiled structure where sperm matures after leaving the testes.
Glans penis
The sensitive tip of the penis in male mammals.
Prepuce
Fold of skin surrounding the glans penis.
Nipples
Structures on female mammals that connect to mammary glands.
Hair
Outer covering found on most mammals, consisting of guard hairs and underfur.
Vibrissae
Stiff, sensory hairs located on the face of some mammals.
Secondary palate
Divides the nasal cavity from the oral cavity in mammals.
Diaphragm
Muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity in mammals.
