Bio_324_Exercise_18__2C_MORPHOLOGY_OF_AMNIOTES_IV_BIRDS_AND_MAMMALS

Columba livia

Commonly known as the Domestic Pigeon.

Rattus norvegicus

Common species used in medical research, also known as the Norway Rat.

Operculum

A protuberance covering the external nares in birds.

Pterylae

Feather tracts on birds where feathers originate.

Apteria

Patches of bare skin on birds between feather tracts.

Remiges

The flight feathers of birds, associated with the wings.

Rectrices

Tail feathers of birds.

Calamus

The hollow base of a feather that anchors it to the skin.

Rhachis

The central shaft of a feather.

Vane

The parts of a feather that extend from either side of the rhachis.

Cloaca

The common passage for excretory and reproductive systems in birds.

Eustachian tubes

Tubes that connect the middle ear to the throat.

Hyoid apparatus

A structure in birds that supports the tongue.

Pectoralis major

The main muscle responsible for wing movement in birds.

Supracoracoideus

A muscle that assists in lifting the wings of birds.

Syrinx

The sound-producing organ in birds located at the base of the trachea.

Crop

Storage organ for food in birds.

Proventriculus

The glandular part of a bird's stomach before the gizzard.

Ventriculus

The muscular part of a bird's stomach, also known as the gizzard.

Colic caeca

Outpocketings in the intestine of birds, function unknown.

Liver

An organ that produces bile, located ventral to the stomach in birds.

Pancreas

An organ that produces digestive enzymes, located near the small intestine.

Metanephric kidneys

The paired kidneys found in higher vertebrates, including birds and mammals.

Vasa deferentia

The ducts that carry sperm from the testes to the urethra in male mammals.

Ovary

The organ that produces ova in female animals.

Uterus

The organ in female mammals where fertilized eggs develop.

Epididymis

The coiled structure where sperm matures after leaving the testes.

Glans penis

The sensitive tip of the penis in male mammals.

Prepuce

Fold of skin surrounding the glans penis.

Nipples

Structures on female mammals that connect to mammary glands.

Hair

Outer covering found on most mammals, consisting of guard hairs and underfur.

Vibrissae

Stiff, sensory hairs located on the face of some mammals.

Secondary palate

Divides the nasal cavity from the oral cavity in mammals.

Diaphragm

Muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity in mammals.