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Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the South and integrating freed slaves into society.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Supreme Court case ruling African Americans were not U.S. citizens.

Fifteenth Amendment

Prohibits denying voting rights based on race.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Established 'separate but equal' segregation.

Brown v. Board of Education

Declared racial segregation in schools unconstitutional.

Social Movements

Organized efforts advocating for social or political change.

De jure segregation

Legal segregation enforced by law.

De facto segregation

Segregation occurring through social practices, not laws.

Fourteenth Amendment

Guarantees equal protection under the law.

1964 Civil Rights Act

Outlawed discrimination in public places and employment.

1965 Voting Rights Act

Protected voting rights, targeting discriminatory practices.

Public Opinion

Citizens' views on political and social issues.

Political Ideology

Set of beliefs about government and policy.

Core Beliefs

Fundamental views on human nature and society.

Policy Mood

Public demand for government action on issues.

Political Socialization

How individuals develop political beliefs, often through family or education.

Group Identity

Shared sense of belonging to a particular group.

Margin of Error

Statistical measure of the accuracy of survey results.

Survey Research

Collecting data through questionnaires to understand public opinion.

Trust in Government

Citizens' confidence in their government’s actions.

Political Party Organization

Structure supporting party operations.

Party System

The system of organized political parties.

Spoils System

Practice of awarding public jobs to political supporters.

Civil Service System

Hiring government employees based on merit.

Realignment

Shift in party loyalty among voters.

Independents

Voters not affiliated with a political party.

Primary Election

Election to choose a party’s candidate.

General Election

Election to choose officeholders.

Electoral College

System for electing the U.S. president.

Get Out the Vote (GOTV)

Efforts to encourage voter turnout.

Mass Media

Channels of communication like TV, newspapers, and the internet.

Deregulation

Reducing government oversight in industries.

Professional Journalism

Reporting based on ethical standards and facts.

Internet/Social Media

Platforms for sharing information and communication online.

Framing

How issues are presented to influence perception.

Filtering

Media decisions on which stories to report.

Systematic Bias

Consistent media bias favoring certain perspectives.

Horse Race Journalism

Focus on election competition rather than issues.