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Reconstruction: The period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the South and integrating freed slaves into society.

Dred Scott v. Sandford: Supreme Court case ruling African Americans were not U.S. citizens.

Fifteenth Amendment: Prohibits denying voting rights based on race.

Plessy v. Ferguson: Established "separate but equal" segregation.

Brown v. Board of Education: Declared racial segregation in schools unconstitutional.

Social Movements: Organized efforts advocating for social or political change.

De jure segregation: Legal segregation enforced by law.

De facto segregation: Segregation occurring through social practices, not laws.

Fourteenth Amendment: Guarantees equal protection under the law.

1964 Civil Rights Act: Outlawed discrimination in public places and employment.

1965 Voting Rights Act: Protected voting rights, targeting discriminatory practices.

Public Opinion: Citizens' views on political and social issues.

Political Ideology: Set of beliefs about government and policy.

Core Beliefs: Fundamental views on human nature and society.

Policy Mood: Public demand for government action on issues.

Political Socialization: How individuals develop political beliefs, often through family or education.

Group Identity: Shared sense of belonging to a particular group.

Margin of Error: Statistical measure of the accuracy of survey results.

Survey Research: Collecting data through questionnaires to understand public opinion.

Trust in Government: Citizens' confidence in their government’s actions.

Political Party Organization: Structure supporting party operations.

Party System: The system of organized political parties.

Spoils System: Practice of awarding public jobs to political supporters.

Civil Service System: Hiring government employees based on merit.

Realignment: Shift in party loyalty among voters.

Independents: Voters not affiliated with a political party.

Primary Election: Election to choose a party’s candidate.

General Election: Election to choose officeholders.

Electoral College: System for electing the U.S. president.

Get Out the Vote (GOTV): Efforts to encourage voter turnout.

Mass Media: Channels of communication like TV, newspapers, and the internet.

Deregulation: Reducing government oversight in industries.

Professional Journalism: Reporting based on ethical standards and facts.

Internet/Social Media: Platforms for sharing information and communication online.

Framing: How issues are presented to influence perception.

Filtering: Media decisions on which stories to report.

Systematic Bias: Consistent media bias favoring certain perspectives.

Horse Race Journalism: Focus on election competition rather than issues.