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archduke Francis Ferdinand

An archduke of Austria, who is murder, led to Austria‘s declaration of war against Serbia, and resulted in the central powers and Serbia’s allies declaring war on each other and starting World War I

Ataturk

A Turkish army officer and the founder of the republic of Turkey, who sought to modernize his country by forcing the Turks to adopt western ways

Battle of the Marne

(September 6-10, 1914) Battle in which the fighting resulted in an Adelaide victory over the German armies in the west to stop the German advance on Paris

Black Hand

The political terrorist society, which killed Francis, Ferdinand, also known as union or death

Bolshevik party

The Russian party led by Lenin , which seized power from the provisional government after the March revolution

Bosnian Crisis

The crisis that erupted in 1908 when Austria annex the Ottoman territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Count Alfred bin Schlieffen

(1833-1913) The chief of the German General staff whose ideas formed the basis for Germany’s war plan for a quick victory against France in 1914

Congress of Berlin NOT Berlin conference

June 13 through July 13, 1878, the meaning of the sixth grade powers following the Russo-Turkish war, which ended the treaty of Berlin replacing the treaty of San Stefano and determine the territories of the Balkan states

Entente Coridale

A series of agreements in 1904 in which Britain abandoned its traditional antagonism towards France

14 points

President Woodrow Wilson’s idealistic war

Italian irredenta

1915, The territories that the allies agreed to deliver to Italy in exchange for Italian support in the war

Kaiser William II

Came to the German throne in 1888 as an ambitious and imperious Young man of 29, who believed he ruled by divine rights; wanted a navy and colonies to rival Britain and established Germany as the leading power of Europe; his aims ran counter to Bismarck‘s limited continental policy

League of Nations

The association of sovereign states set up after World War II to pursue common policies and avert international aggression

Leon Trotsky

Lennon ‘s chief collaborator who organized a coup against the provincial government on November 6, 1917, which resulted in the establishment of Bolshevik rule in Russia

mandates

The assigning of the former German colonies in Turkish territories in the Middle East to Britain, France, Japan, Belgium, Australia, and South Africa as de facto colonies under the vague supervision of the league of nations with the hope that the territories would advance to independence

march Revolution

The revolution of March 1917, in which the government of Tsar Nicholas II collapsed in the wake of popular protest against the war, it’s casualties, and the economic and social damage it caused to the country

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War in which the empires of Russia and Japan fought over territories in Manchuria and Korea, and in which the complete defeat of Russia change the balance of power in East Asia and elevated Japan status to that of world superpower

war guilt clause

clause 231 of the treaty of Versailles, which is signed responsibility for World War I solely to Germany

Winston Churchill

First Lord of the British Admirality, who, during World War I, propose a daring plan to drive turkey from the war and help the falcon front by attacking the Dardinelles and capturing Constantinople; his poor execution of the attack forced the abandonment of the campaign

Adolf Hitler

(1889-1945) A German dictator in the leader of the Nazi party, whose invasion of Poland in September 1939 let’s get the outbreak of World War II in Europe, and who was central figure in the holocaust

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) in Italian politician in leader of the national fascist party who ruled Italy as a dictator from 1925 to 1943; signed Lateran accord with the Vatican, allowing the Roman Catholic Church in the Italian state to make peace with one another

collectivization

The bedrock of Stalinist agriculture, which forced Russian and peasants to give up their private forms and work as members of collectives, large agricultural units controlled by the state

il duce

meaning “leader.” Mussolini’s title as head of the fascist party

fascism

political movements that tend to be anti-democratic, anti-Marxist, anti-parliamentary, often antisemitic, invariably nationalistic and exalt the nation over the individual; supported the interest of the middle class and rejected the ideas of the French revolution in 19th century liberalism; first fascist regime founded by Benito Mussolini in Italy in the 1920s

führer

meaning “leader.” The title taken by Hitler when he became dictator of Germany

Great depression

A prolonged worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 with the clase of the New York Stock Exchange

Great purges

The imprisonment and execution of millions of Soviet citizens by Stalin between 1934 and 1939

Kristallnacht

meaning “night of broken glass” Because of the broken glass that littered German streets after the looting and destruction of Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany on the orders of the Nazi party in November 1938

main kampf

meaning “my struggle.“ Hitler’s statement of his political program, published in 1924

nazis

The German nationalist socialist party

New economic policy ( NEP )

A limited revival of capitalism, especially in light industry in agriculture, introduced by Lenin in 1921 to repair the damage inflicted on the Russian economy by the Civil War and the policy of war communism

popular front

A government of all left-wing parties that took power in France in 1936 to enact social and economic reforms

reichstag

The German parliament, in which various forms existed until 1945

Storm Troopers (SA; sturm abteilung )

The Nazi parliamentary forces

Sin Fein

An Irish political party that led the nationalist cause after World War I; it’s military wing, which became the Irish Republican Army, fought against the British army for the independence of the free Irish state

SS (Schutzstaffel)

The chief security units of the Nazi state, or secret police

war communism

The economic policy adopted by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War, to seize banks, heavy industry, railroads, and grain

Weimar Republic

The German democratic regime that existed between the end of World War I and Hitler’s coming to power in 1933