psychopathology chp 11

substance-related and addictive disorders

range of problems associated with the use and abuse of drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, and other substances people use to alter the way think, feel, and behave. These are extremely costly in human and financial terms

impulse-control disorders

disorders in which a person acts on an irresistible, but potentially harmful, impulse

alcohol use disorder

the misuse of alcohol to alter the way users think, feel, and behave

psychoactive substances

substances, such as drugs, that alter mood or behavior

substance use

the ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning

substance intoxication

the psychological reaction to ingested substances, such as drunkenness or getting high. variables that interact include type of drug taken, amount ingested, and individual biological reaction. it can be experienced as impaired judgment, mood changes, and lowered motor ability (including problems walking or talking).

substance use disorders

drug use that significantly interferes with the user’s education, job, or relationships with others or puts the user in physically dangerous situations

physiological dependence

the use of increasingly greater amounts of a drug to experience the same effect (tolerance) and a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested (withdrawal)

tolerance

need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, and a diminished effect with continued use of the same amount

withdrawal

severely negative physiological reaction to removal of a psychoactive substance, which can be alleviated by the same or a new substance

substance dependence

maladaptive pattern of substance use characterized by the need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect, negative physical effects when the substance is withdrawn, unsuccessful efforts to control its use, and substantial effort expended to seek it or recover from its effects. Alsoo known as addiction

depressants

the psychoactive substances that result in behavioral sedation, including alcohol and the sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs

stimulants

any psychoactive substances that elevate mood, activity, and alertness, including amphetamines, caffeine, cocaine, and nicotine

opiates

addictive psychoactive substances such as heroin, opium, and morphine that cause temporary euphoria and analgesia (pain reduction)

hallucinogens

any psychoactive substance such as LSD or marijuana that can produce delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, and altered sensory perception

other commonly misused substances

other substances (such as inhalants, anabolic steriods, and other over-the-counter and prescription medications) that produce psychoactive effects and that are misused but do not fit neatly into other categories

gambling disorder

persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

alcohol

the misuse of alcohol to alter the way users think, feel, and behave

alcohol-related disorders

cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with alcohol and abuse

withdrawal delirium

frightening hallucinations and body tremors that result when a heavy drinker withdraws from alcohol

wenicke-korsakoff syndrome

organic brain syndrome resulting from prolonged heavy alcohol use, involving confusion, unintelligible speech, and loss of motor coordination. It may be caused by a deficiency of thiamine, a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

patter of problems including learning difficulties, behavior deficits, and characteristic physical flaws, resulting from heavy drinking by the victim’s mother when she was pregnant with the victim

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

enzyme that helps humans metabolize alcohol. Different levels of its subtypes may account for different susceptibilities to disorders such as fetal alcohol syndrome

barbiturates

sedative (and addictive) drugs including Amytal, Seconal, and Nembutal that are used as sleep aids

benzodiazepines

anti-anxiety drugs including Valium, Xanax, Dalmane, and Halcion also used to treat insomnia. Effective against anxiety (and, at high potency, panic disorder), they show some side effects, such as some cognitive and motor impairment, and may result in substance dependence. Relapse rates are extremely high when the drug is discontinued.

amphetamines

a stimulant medication used to treat hypersomnia by keeping the person awake during the day, and to treat narcolepsy, including sudden onset episodes, by suppressing rapid eye movement sleep

amphetamine use disorders

severe intoxication or overdose through the use of amphetamines, including significant behavioral impairments and physiological symptoms

cocaine use disorders

severe intoxication or overdose through the use of cocaine, including significant behavioral impairments and physiological symptoms

tobacco-related disorders

cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of nicotine

caffeine use disorder

cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of caffeine

opioid-related disorders

severe intoxication or overdose through the use of opiates, which have a narcotic effect

cannabis (marijuana)

the dried parts of the cannabis or hemp plant

cannabis use disorders

problematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide)

most common hallucinogenic drug; a synthetic version of the grain fungus ergot

hallucinogen use disorders

cognitive, biological, behavioral, and social problems associated with the use and abuse of hallucinogenic substances

agonist substitution

replacement of a drug on which a person is dependent with one that has a similar chemical makeup, an agonist. Used as a treatment for substance dependence

nicotine

toxic and addictive substance found in tobacco leaves

nicotine patch

patch placed on the skin that delivers nicotine to smokers without the carcinogens in cigarette smoke. Somewhat more successful than nicotine gum because it requires less effort by the wearer and delivers the drug more consistently; should be coupled with counseling to stop smoking and avoid relapse

antagonist drugs

medications that block or counteract the effects of psychoactive drugs

controlled drinking

an extremely controversial treatment approach to alcohol dependence, in which severe abusers are taught to drink in moderation

relapse prevention

extending therapeutic progress by teaching the client how to cope with future troubling situations

gambling disorder

persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

intermittent explosive disorder

episodes during which a person acts on aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property

kleptomania

recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things not needed for personal use or their monetary value

pyromania

an impulse-control disorder that involves having an irresistible urge to set fires