Crystallized versus Fluid Intelligence PAGE 345

intelligence

influenced by heredity, culture, social contexts, personal choices, and certainly age

fluid intelligence

capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and performing activities quickly and abstractly

crystallized intelligence

accumulated knowledge of the world we have acquired throughout our lives

crystallized intelligence

intelligence increases with age

fluid intelligence

intelligence decreases with age

crystallized intelligence

reflected in semantic knowledge, vocabulary, and language

crystallized intelligence

adults generally outperform younger people on measures of history, geography, and even on crossword puzzles

"wisdom"

superior knowledge + slower and more complete processing style + more sophisticated understanding of the workings of the world

crystallized intelligence

not necessarily show poorer performance on tasks that also require experience

older adults

age grp that show poorer memory overall

verbal memory, spatial skills, inductive reasoning, vocabulary, numerical computation, perceptual speed

cognitive tasks < (6,)

older adults

cognitive tasks:

verbal memory

who better? older or younger adults?

older adults

cognitive tasks:

spatial skills

who better? older or younger adults?

older adults

cognitive tasks:

inductive reasoning

who better? older or younger adults?

older adults

cognitive tasks:

vocabulary

who better? older or younger adults?

younger adults

cognitive tasks:

numerical computation

who better? older or younger adults?

younger adults

cognitive tasks:

perceptual speed

who better? older or younger adults?

flow

mental state of being completely present and fully absorbed in a task

state of flow

in this state, the individual is able to block outside distractions and the mind is fully open to producing

state of flow

in this state, person is achieving great joy or intellectual satisfaction from the activity and accomplishing a goal

state of flow

in this state, individual is not concerned with extrinsic rewards

flow

height of enjoyment

flow

the more they experience it = more they judge their lives to be gratifying

tacit knowledge

knowledge that is pragmatic or practical and learned through experience rather than explicitly taught

tacit knowledge

KNOWLEDGE that increases with age

know-how, professional instinct

tacit knowledge AKA (2,)

tacit knowledge

knowledge that cannot be codified or written down = not involve academic knowledge

tacit knowledge

knowledge that involves being able to use skills and to problem-solve in practical ways

mechanics of cognition

working memory and speed of processing

higher order cognitive skills

compensation for the gradual decline of mechanics of cognition

plus 50 Initiative

assists community college in creating or expanding programs that focus on workforce training and new careers for the plus-50 population

plus 50 Initiative

addresses the educational needs of those over 50