organic chemisty

benzoic acid

carboxylic acid attached to a benzene ring

benzene

1.5 bonds all the way around NO double bonds, NO single bonds. shown with a circle in the middle of a cyclohexane

toluene

a methyl group attached (can also be called methyl benzene)

Phenol

an alcohol attached to it

aniline

amino group (NH2) attached to benzene

o- prefix (ortho)

group attached to 1 and 2

m- prefix (meta)

group attached to 1 and 3

p- prefix (para)

attached to 1 and 4

phenyl branch

C6H5 (benzene ring attached to parent chain)

Alcohol

R-OH, has a hydroxyl group attached, gives it the ending -ol

hydroxyl group

OH-

R

the rest of the molecule (has to include at least one hydrocarbon) to which the functional group is attached.

Aldehyde

An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton. gives it the ending -al

carbonyl group

C=O

ketone

ends in -one, has a carbonyl group in the MIDDLE of the parent chain

Carboxylic Acid

has a carboxyl group attached, ends in -oic acid

carboxyl group

COOH

primary alcohol

an alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is attached to no more than one other carbon.

secondary alcohol

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached a carbon that is attached to two other carbons.

tertiary alcohol

An alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is in turn attached to three other carbons.

Function groups are given priority

when numbering, give the functional group the lowest possible number, a number is not required if its on carbon 1

Ether group

R-O-R (oxygen on the MIDDLE of hydrocarbons), named by the smaller number of hydrocarbons with the suffix oxy, then the next hydrocarbon (smalloxybig)

ester

oxygen and a carbonyl group in between hydrocarbons , whichever hydrocarbon has the carbonyl group gets the oate suffix. ( a reaction of an alcohol and carboxylic acid)

Amine

biggest chain has the prefix amino and goes at the end, (nitrogen is a branch off the biggest chain), and put N- the second biggest chain beforehand (N-smallaminobig)

N- prefix

think of it the same as a number, the branch is branched off the nitrogen, so instead of a number we put n for nitrogen.

primary amine

the nitrogen has one carbon branched off it but the rest is hydrogens.

secondary amine

the nitrogen has two carbons branched off it and one hydrogen

tertiary amine

the nitrogen only has carbons attached, no hydrogens

Amide

the group w the carboxyl group gets the ending amide, then before that write the second group (N- means its attached to the nitrogen)

alkane

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds (CnH2n+2), -ane suffix

Alkene

double bond, CnH2n, -ene suffix (watch for cis/trans)

Alkyne

Triple bond
CnH2n-2
-yne suffix

meth prefix

one carbon

eth prefix

2 carbons

prop prefix

3 carbons

but prefix

4 carbons

-yl suffix

hydrocarbon branch

amino branch

nh2

cis

same side of double bond

trans

opposite side of the double bond

iso

all carbons but one form a continuous chain

neo- (prefix)

all but two carbons form a continuous chain, can only be used when there are 5 or more carbons

primary

1°

secondary

2°

tertiary

3°

Homologous series

A series of compounds in which each member differs from the next member by a constant amount (ex. methane to ethane to propane etc., steadily increases by CH2)

structural isomers

contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships (same molecular formula but different layout)

geometric isomers

cis-trans (or E,Z) isomers

unsaturated hydrocarbon

contain less than the maximum quantity of hydrogen

t- prefix

tert, used when something is bonded to a tertiary carbon