PSYC Final :D

Definition of Psychology

The scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Information Processing Model

A model describing the stages of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Short-term Memory

Memory that holds information temporarily for analysis, typically lasting 20–30 seconds.

Long-term Memory

Memory storage that can retain information indefinitely.

Working Memory

Active manipulation and processing of information held temporarily.

Explicit Memory

Memory involving conscious recall, such as facts and events.

Implicit Memory

Memory that does not require conscious recall, such as skills and habits.

Egocentrism

Inability to see a situation from another person's perspective, common in Piaget's Preoperational Stage.

Vygotsky's Theory of Development

Emphasizes the role of social interaction and scaffolding in learning.

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

A theory outlining stages of moral reasoning from pre-conventional to post-conventional.

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Eight stages of development, such as Trust vs. Mistrust and Identity vs. Role Confusion.

Theories of Motivation

Includes instinct, drive reduction, arousal, self-determination, regulatory focus, and achievement goal theories.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A pyramid outlining human needs, from physiological needs to self-actualization.

Emotion Regulation

Strategies to manage and control emotional responses.

Freud's Psychodynamic Theory

A theory of personality focusing on unconscious motives and conflicts (id, ego, superego).

Rogers's Positive Regard

Unconditional acceptance and support of a person, regardless of what they say or do.

Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism

The theory that a person's behavior is influenced by and influences personal factors and the environment.

Rotter's Locus of Control

A concept defining whether individuals attribute outcomes to internal factors (control) or external factors (luck or fate).

The Big Five Personality Traits

Five key traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors in explaining others' behavior.

Attitude Persuasion Strategies

Includes foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, and lowball techniques.

Cognitive Dissonance

Psychological discomfort from holding conflicting beliefs or behaviors.

Conformity vs. Obedience

Conformity is matching behaviors to group norms; obedience is following authority figures.

Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present.

Hawthorne Effect

Productivity increases due to being observed rather than due to changes in the work environment.

Problem-focused Coping

A strategy for managing stress by addressing its source directly.

Emotion-focused Coping

A strategy for managing stress by addressing emotional responses rather than the problem itself.

Biopsychosocial Theory

A framework that incorporates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding disorders.

Eating Disorders

Disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, influenced by societal and psychological factors.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Therapy focusing on unconscious processes and past conflicts.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A therapy focusing on modifying negative thoughts and behaviors.

Play Therapy

A therapeutic approach using play to help children express and process emotions.

Client Confidentiality Exceptions

Situations where confidentiality may be broken, such as harm to self or others or legal requirements.