Why is action perception important?
Humans are highly social, action perception affords evolutionary advantage, and it's crucial for interacting in complex social environments, threat detection, building alliances, and interactions with potential mates.
What are the properties of V5 cells?
V5 cells are sensitive to moving dots/bars, direction, and speed. They contain a retinotopic map of the visual world and are not very sensitive to color. Microstimulation biases perception of motion.
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Why is action perception important?
Humans are highly social, action perception affords evolutionary advantage, and it's crucial for interacting in complex social environments, threat detection, building alliances, and interactions with potential mates.
What are the properties of V5 cells?
V5 cells are sensitive to moving dots/bars, direction, and speed. They contain a retinotopic map of the visual world and are not very sensitive to color. Microstimulation biases perception of motion.
What are the properties of Medial Superior Temporal (MST) cells?
MST cells are sensitive to translation, expansion, contraction, and rotation. Microstimulation influences perceived movement direction.
What is Biological Motion and what information can be derived from it?
Biological Motion is a visual stimulus that can convey actions, hand actions, facial actions, speech, gender, emotion, body weight, and identity. It demonstrates that motion can generate form information.
Where in the brain does activity related to Biological Motion perception occur?
Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus (pSTS)
What are similarities to other complex stimuli that affects Biological Motion perception?
Inverted Biological Motion is difficult to recognize. Sound, infant preferential observation, recognizing other social actions, emotion, and animal discrimination can affect recognition.
How does the Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) respond to Biological Motion?
STS activation occurs with imagining Biological Motion and Facial BM stimuli. The further down the STS, the more the brain responds to the articulated nature of moving human stimuli.
What activity occurs in the context of Neuroimaging Human V5?
Greater activity in a region of human cortex when viewing moving black and white squares than when they were stationary.
What are the responses to Human V5?
Responds to motion > static, illusionary motion, implied motion, and imaginary motion during mental rotation.
Where does the integration of form and motion occur?
Integration within the Superior Temporal Sulcus.
To what features does PIT respond?
Simple features
To what features does AIT respond?
Elaborate features
What do many monkey STS cells link?
Monkey STS cells link implied motion to walking direction.
What types of actions to monkey STS cells code?
Respond selectively to actions such as hand actions (pick, manipulate, tear, groom, grasp, place, hit, stroke) and body actions (walk forward/backward, bending at knee, shoulder, hip).
What is population coding of actions in Monkey STS cells?
A coding method where cells respond to an action irrespective of low-level qualities, and actions are perceived under different environmental conditions.
What low-level information may be useful to determine who is doing the grasping action?
Shape of hand, texture of hand, color of hand, view of hand.
What areas of the brain are activated by bodies over other objects?
Extrastriate body area (EBA) and Fusiform body area (FBA).
What impairments occur to OFA, LO, and EBA after disruption?
Disruption of OFA impairs face processing, disruption of LO impairs object processing, and disruption of EBA impairs body processing.
To what stimuli does Human STS respond?
Biological motion, static images of hands and body, hand actions, face actions, and eye-movements.
Why are bodies considered a special object of perception?
Bodies are the only way we can intentionally influence the world and are the 'Central Tool' of our mind.
What does an intention imply?
Ends (wanting something) and Means (taking measures to get there)
What are the two aspects of Theory of Mind?
Object of the mental state and content of the mental state.
What are the parts of the brain involved in the Theory of Mind?
EBA, pSTS, and TPJ
Why does the mouth move?
Eating, drinking, emotive utterances, and speech.
What happens with the STS when watching movies of mouth movements?
STS responded better to mouth movements.
Why are mouth movements important for the perception of auditory speech?
It improves the intelligibility of speech; individuals can use mouth movements to understand speech without sound (lip-reading).
What areas are activated in the experiment comparing the Viewing of lips and Hearing of Speech?
STS and Auditory cortex
How is speech related to hand gestures?
People use concurrent hand gestures, which can be seen and interpreted to better understand speech.
How is the STS related to sign language?
Specific hand movements are used instead of speech, and STS is important in the understanding of ASL.
What is Emotional Body Language?
Inferences about people’s emotions from their actions.
What brain structures process Emotional Body Language?
STS, amygdala, body processing network (EBA, FBA, STS), and emotion processing network (amygdala, anterior cingulate, etc.).
What actions does the STS support?
Body movements, hand actions, moving faces, and eye-movements.
What roles does STS play given the other regions of cortex to which it is reciprocally connected?
Communication, speech, emotion perception, and social perception.