Untitled Flashcards Set

Magna Carta

A document signed by King John in 1215, which made the king subject to law and introduced limited government.

100 Years' War

A long war between England and France (1337-1453) to determine the next French King, resulting in national identities for both countries.

Flanders

A region in Northern France that served as a center of trade.

Merchants

People in Flanders who supported England in hopes of gaining independence.

Joan of Arc

A peasant girl who led the French army to victory over the English at the Siege of Orleans during the 100 Years' War.

Cannon

A large firearm capable of knocking down castle walls.

Longbow

A six-foot-long bow that could fire arrows rapidly with enough force to pierce most armor.

Bubonic Plague

A disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages that killed 1/3 of the population and contributed to the end of Feudalism.

Responses to the Black Death

Included partying to enjoy the moment, witchcraft, and self-punishment through pain.

Renaissance

'Rebirth'; a movement following the Middle Ages that centered on the revival of interest in classical learning from Greece and Rome.

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement focusing on studying classical texts and emphasizing human potential and achievements.

Universal Man

A term given to those in the Renaissance who excelled in more than one subject matter.

Vernacular

The language or dialect spoken by ordinary people in a particular country or region.

Perspective

A method of showing three-dimensional scenes on a flat surface, relying on a vanishing point to create realism.

Medici Family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, becoming wealthy from banking and spending heavily on art.

Patron

A financial supporter of the arts.

Michelangelo

An Italian artist, sculptor, painter, and architect famous for the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the statue of David.

Leonardo da Vinci

A renowned Italian Renaissance artist and scientist, known for works like the Mona Lisa.

Rafaello

An Italian painter and architect known for 'The School of Athens' and the realistic 'Madonna'.

Fransisco Petrarch

The father of humanism, known for his sonnets on secular topics and lost love.

Erasmus

A Dutch humanist who believed issues in the Catholic Church could be fixed and wrote 'Praise of Folly'.

Miguel Cervantes

The Spanish Renaissance author of 'Don Quixote', a masterpiece about Medieval Culture and Chivalry.

Johannes Gutenberg

The inventor of the printing press, which led to increased literacy and research in Europe.

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Polish clergyman who proposed the heliocentric theory that the Sun is the center of the universe.

Niccolo Machiavelli

An author who wrote 'The Prince', outlining a secular method of ruling with the phrase 'the end justifies the means'.

Brunelleschi

A Florentine architect who designed the Dome of the Florence Cathedral, inspired by the Roman Pantheon.

Dante Alighieri

An Italian poet known for 'The Divine Comedy', depicting a journey through hell, purgatory, and paradise.

Protestant Reformation

A 16th-century religious movement aimed at reforming the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of Protestant churches.

Indulgences

The selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church, a practice that contributed to the Reformation.

Martin Luther

A German monk who criticized the Catholic Church and authored the '95 Theses' in 1517.

Luther's teachings

Proposed salvation by faith alone, that teachings should be based on the Bible, and that all believers are equal.

Diet of Worms (1521)

The trial of Martin Luther for heresy, resulting in him being labeled a heretic.

Frederick the Wise of Saxony

A German prince who protected Martin Luther while he translated the Bible into German.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire.

Predestination

John Calvin's belief that God has predetermined who will achieve salvation.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

A meeting of Catholic leaders to discuss a Counter-Reformation, resulting in no significant changes made.