Untitled Flashcards Set

Magna Carta A document signed by King John in 1215, made the king subject to law - introduced limited government

100 Years' War (1337-1453) A long war between England & France to determine next French King. Resulted in National Identities for both countries.

Flanders A region in Northern France that was a center of trade.

Merchants People in Flanders that supported England in hopes of gaining independence

Joan of Arc Peasant girl who led French army to victory over the English in the Siege of Orleans / 100 Years' War

Cannon Large firearm that could knock down Castle walls

Longbow Six-foot-long bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most armor

Bubonic Plague disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.

Responses to the Black Death Partied to enjoy the moment, Witchcraft, Self-Punishment through pain

Renaissance "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Humanism A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Universal Man This was the term given to those in the Renaissance who were able to excel in more than one subject matter

Vernacular the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

Perspective a method of showing a three-dimensional scene on a flat surface so that it looks real, relies on a Vanishing Point

Medici Family Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Patron Financial supporter of the arts

Michelangelo (1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Leonardo da Vinci A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

Rafael Italian painter and architect; Known for his paintings of 'The School of Athens" and the realistic "Madonna"

Fransisco Petrarch Father of humanism, wrote sonnets (14 line poems) about Secular topics and a lost love

Erasmus Dutch Humanists that believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not support the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

Miguel Cervantes The Spanish Renaissance author of the masterpiece Don Quixote about Medieval Culture and Chivalry

Johannes Gutenberg Inventor of the printing press which led to an increase in literacy, reading, and research in Europe

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means."

Brunelleschi Florentine architect who was inspired by the Roman Pantheon and built the Dome of the Florence Cathedral.

Dante Alighieri An Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell, purgatory and paradise (1265-1321)

Protestant Reformation A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Indulgences Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Martin Luther a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Luther's teachings Salvation by faith alone in God's gift of forgiveness, all teachings should be based on the Bible, and people of faith were equal, they didn't need someone (a priest) to interpret the Bible

Diet of Worms (1521) Trial of Martin Luther for Heresy. Luther was labeled a Heretic

Frederick the Wise of Saxony German prince that protected Martin Luther while he translated the Bible into German

Peace of Augsburg (1555) Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.

Predestination John Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life and determined who will gain salvation.

Council of Trent (1545-1563) Meeting of Catholic leaders to discuss a Counter Reformation. No significant changes made.