Chapter 6. pls lock in

What is a light microscope?

Magnified through lenses with the use of refracted light

What are the important parameters of a microscope?

magnification (ratio), resolution (measure of quality), and contrast (light vs. dark)

What is a brightfield?

Light passes through the cell and dye is used for contrast. This is good for dead cells.

What is a phase contrast

The differences of density is amplified good for living cells.

What is a differential interface?

It exaggerates the differences in density making it look 3-d

What is fluorescence?

Used to locate specific molecules by tagging them with fluorescent dyes which emit light in ultraviolet light.

What is confocal?

A lazar is used to focus on one plane of sample, then many shorts are taken at different angles which is reconstructed to create a 3-d image.

What is deconvolution?

Many florescence images at different planes are put through a deconvolution software which re-assigns out of order light to its origins creating a sharp 3-d image.

Super resolution?

florescent molecules are excited and their positions are recorded. using a combination of information about their position breaks the resolute image creating a sharp one.

What is SEM?

Shows a 3d image of a cell’s surface

What is TEM?

Shows a 3-d image of a cell’s internal structure

What is cryo EM?

Freezing a aqueous solution to lock in the molecules, then a beam of electron is passed through to visualize a 3-d sample of the cell.

What is the difference between electron magnification and light magnification?

Electron magnification uses electro magnets (a beam of electrons) through the surface or onto the surface of a cell. Light magnification uses light to show the density of the cell.

When is is good to use electron magnification?

For dead cells

When is it good to use a light microscope?

For living cells

What is cell functionation?

Way to study a cell structure and function by separating its organelles in bulk to identify their function.

What contains eukaryotic cells?

prostist, fungi, animal, and plant cells

What is cytosol?

The jelly like substance inside a cell.

What does a plasma membrane do?

Acts as a barrier

What do ribosomes do?

They use information from DNA to make proteins

What is a nucleus?

A membrane bound organelle that houses most of the DNA

What is a nuclear envelope?

A double membrane each a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus

What is a nuclear lamina?

A netlike array of protein filaments that help keep the nucleus’s shape

What helps keep the genetic material so it functions normally?

The nuclear lamina and the matrix

What are chromosomes

structures that carry genetic information

What is chromatin?

The complex of DNA and proteins that make up a chromosome

What is a nucleolus?

A special structure in the nucleus that makes rRNA and ribosomal subunit assembly

What is a purpose of a ribosome?

Creation of proteins from the instruction of mRNA

What are ribosomes made of?

They are made of rRNA and protiens

What do ribosomes look like?

Small, complex structure made of ribosomal rna

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a crucial component of eukaryotic cells, acting as a biosynthetic factory. It is an extensive network of membranes, accounting for more than half of the total membrane in many cells.

Smooth ER vs. Rough ER

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes which is present in the rough ER

What is the function of a smooth ER, what does it look like, and where can it be found?

Metabolism (synthesis of lipids for example), detoxification, and calcium ion storage

Where can you find the smooth ER?

In a eukaryotic cell and it is directly connected to the outside of the cell

What does the rough ER do?

It synthesizes and secretes proteins (mainly glycoproteins, proteins with carbs on it), helps with membrane synthesis, and forms transport vesicles

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and sometimes synthesis (polysaccharides) of molecules

What does the Golgi apparatus look like?

a group of flattened membranous sacks that look like a pita bread. Has a cis side facing the ER for receiving and trans is the opposite for shipping

What is a lysosome and what is it made of?

A organelle made of hydrolytic enzymes that break down macro molecules

What is a phagocytosis?

The process in which a cell eats a small food particles and small organisms are eaten by a cell.

How does autophagy work?

A vesical holds the dead cells and lysosome digests it.

What is a vacuole?

They are large vesicles made from the ER used for transporting specific solutes.

What does the vacuole do?

It is versatile from storage (plants) to enzymatic hydrolysis

What does contractile vacuole do?

It pumps water out of the cell usually found in portists

What is a central vacuole?

A large membranous sac that is found in mature plant cells which can do many things like growth, storage, and creates internal pressure

What is a mitochondria?

produces atp

What does chloroplasts do?

Responsible for photosynthesis

What is the endosymbiont theory?

The mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotic

The mitochondria is made up of 2 membranes, describe the two

The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner is convoluted with folding’s called cristae

What does cristae do?

Increases the surface area

What is the intermembrane space?

The area between the two membranes

What is the mitochondrial matrix

The area incased in side the inner membrane.

What do chloroplasts have?

Green pigment called chlorophyll

What is special about the chloroplast’s membrane?

Chloroplasts have two membranes

What is the space between the chloroplast’s two membranes called?

intermembrane space

What is the interconnected membranous system inside a chloroplast called?

Thylakoid

When thylakoids are stacked on top of each other, each stack is called a

granum

What is the space inside the chlorophyll outside of the thylakoid called?

The stroma

The chloroplast is seperated into three regions what are they"?

The intermembrane space, the stroma, and the thylakoid space

What is the organelle closely related to the chloroplasts found in animal cells?

Plastids

What is a peroxisome?

a metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane.

What does a peroxisome do?

Has enzymes that break apart hydrogen atoms and make hydrogen peroxide, then converts it into h2o

What are glyoxcyzomes?

A specialized peroxisome that turn fatty acids into sugar

What is the cytoskeleton?

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and serve to keep the cells shape and for transporting cargo

How does the cytoskeleton perform movement of the cell?

Through motor proteins

What are motor proteins?

Proteins that interact with the cytoskeleton that makes it move.

What do microtubules look like and what are they made of?

Hollow rods made out of globular proteins (a-tubulin and b-tubulin). One side is a plus end because it produces and reducesthese tubulins much more

What do microtubles do?

Shape and support the cell

Where are microtubles made?

centrosome (in it are the centrioles composed of 9 sets of triple microtubles in a ring)

What do flagella and cilia do? What are they made of?

They are tails made up of microtubules and they help move cells and transmission

What is a basal body and its microtubule arrangement?

eukaryotic structure that organizes cilia and flagella; has a "9 + 0" arrangement of triplet microtubules in a circle without a central pair.

What are dynein’s?

they are attached to the microtubule outlet and help bend flagella. They have two feet the walk on the microtubule

What are microfilaments?

thin, solid rods found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

What is a cortex?

The outer region of the cytoplasm

What is myosin?

A motor that interacts with actin to cause contraction

What is a psudopodia?

A cellular extension in ameboed cells that cause movement and feeding

What is a cytoplasmic streaming?

A circular motion of cytoplasm speeds up movement

What are intermediate filaments?

smaller than microtubules, found in eukaryotic cells, and they specialize in baring tension

what does the cell wall do, what is it made of, and where is it located?

made up of cellulose fibers, located outside the cell of a plant cell. It protects, maintains shape, and prevents excessive uptake in water

Layers and its characteristics of a cell wall?

Primary (flexible), secondary (durable), and lamella (sticky)

What is a protoglycan?

Large molecules that play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of tissues.

What is the formation of centriolus?

a cylinder shape with a 9+0