study guide

anthro mid term

Anthropology is the study of __________ and their societies, cultures, and development through four major subfields.

humans

Archaeology reconstructs past human cultures through their __________.

material remains

Cultural anthropology examines the diverse cultural aspects of __________ and their organization.

human societies

Linguistic anthropology focuses on the role of __________ in social life and its evolution.

language

Biological/physical anthropology traces human __________ and biological diversity.

evolution

Natural selection was established by Charles __________ and Alfred Russel Wallace in 1859.

Darwin

__________ refers to random changes in allele frequencies within a population.

Genetic drift

The founder effect describes a scenario where a small population leads to __________ in isolation.

rapid diversification

A species is defined by reproductive barriers that isolate __________ into distinct lineages.

gene pools

Humans and chimpanzees share roughly __________ gene sequence identity.

99%.

Sex-linked genes are most commonly found on the __________ chromosome.

X

Color blindness primarily affects __________ due to their single X chromosome.

males

Sickle cell trait results from an inherited genetic disorder affecting __________.

hemoglobin

Balanced polymorphism indicates that sickle-cell heterozygotes maintain a __________ advantage in malaria regions.

fitness

The Red Queen Problem refers to continuous adaptations to __________ environments.

evolving

The term for the unitary factors that determine traits, discovered by Gregor Mendel, is __________.

genes

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited __________ and does not recombine.

maternally

Darwin's seminal work on natural selection is titled __________.

Origin of Species

Darwin coined the term '__________,' describing descent with modification.

descent with modification

Stabilizing selection favors traits that move towards the __________.

average/mean

Disruptive selection occurs when average traits are viewed as __________.

disadvantageous

The process where genes are reshuffled to avoid damaging effects of linked genes is known as __________.

recombination

In sexual reproduction, anisogamy refers to the production of __________ gametes.

dissimilar

Some organisms, such as barnacles, exhibit __________, possessing both types of gametes.

hermaphroditism

Male competition for females often leads to pronounced __________ displays.

trait

In the case of __________, individuals can begin life as males and change to females.

clownfish

The concept where female preference for certain traits leads to a feedback loop is known as __________ selection.

runaway

The misconception that species strive to evolve is called the __________ striving fallacy.

evolutionary

The Hawaiian Honey Creepers are an example of the __________ effect in evolution.

founder

Genetic drift's effects can overshadow __________, particularly in small populations.

natural selection

Paleoanthropology studies ancient humans through their __________ remains.

fossil

Cultural comparisons in cultural anthropology are used to study __________ among cultures.

similarities and differences

Language change explores historical language __________ and social influences.

changes

Benjamin Lee Whorf's hypothesis focuses on the relationship between __________ and thought.

language

In genetic drift, larger broods still risk losing various __________ due to chance.

alleles

Natural selection operates through __________, competition, and reproductive success.

variation

The ongoing evolutionary processes can be observed in species such as __________ that evolve resistance to antibiotics.

bacteria

Darwin observed diverse species in their adaptations particularly during his voyage to the __________ Islands.

Galapagos

The evolutionary theory that reflects changes and adaptive mechanisms is termed __________ selection.

natural

Mutations can lead to changes in __________ structure and function, influencing evolutionary outcomes.

protein

Sickle cell polymorphism showcases how certain genetic traits are beneficial in combating __________.

malaria

Chromosomal evolution shows that chimpanzees differ structurally from humans due to breakage and __________.

rearrangements

Homologous structures indicate descent with __________ across different species.

modification