Studied by 10 peoplerelearning
learning something for the second time; often faster than the first
encoding
process of getting info into the memory system
retrieval
process of recovering or recalling info from memory storage
recognition
retrieving memory w the aid of one or more cues
recall
retrieving memory w/o cues
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously
ex; driving a car while talking otp and listening to music
dual processing
information is processed simultaneously on sperate conscious and unconscious tracks
working memory
active processing of incoming auditory and visual info; everything you’re currently thinking ab
explicit memory
conscious memory of facts and events that one can consciously know and declare
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
implicit memory
unconscious and automatic memory - includes procedural memory
ex; remembering how to ride a bike after not riding one for awhile
echoic memory
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; sounds and words can be recovered within 3-4 seconds if attention is elsewhere
chunking
organizing info into familiar, manageable units
ex; organizing info into main topics
spacing effect
long term retention is better achieved by using distributed practice rather than massed study
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving info
shallow processing
encoding on a basic lvl, requires v little elaboration and focuses on superficial traits
deep processing
encoding based on meaning (semantic)
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge
ex; remembering state capitals
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events
ex; first time going to the beach
flash bulb memory
clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
long term potentiation (LTP)
increase in a cells firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation.
priming
activation of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response
ex; saying the word yellow and thinking of lemons or bananas
encoding specificity principle
idea that cues and contexts related to a memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
mood congruent memory
tendency to recall experiences consistent with ones mood
ex; you’re mad and you think ab and event that made you mad
serial position effect
tendency to recall the last and first items on a list
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve old memories
infantile amnesia
inability to remember things before the age of 2-4
proactive interference
old info interferes with the recall of new info
retroactive interference
learning new info interferes with recalling old info
misinformation effect
when misleading info distorts ones memory of an event
ex; did you see the broken light vs. did you see a broken light
source amnesia (misattribution)
inability to remember where or hoe a memory was acquired
convergent thinking
narrowing down available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
ex; eliminating answers on a test
divergent thinking
expanding the # of possible solutions; creative thinking
heuristic
quick judgements usually based on experience to solve a problem; doesn’t garuntee a solution
ex; jigglying your car keys to start your car
availability heuristic
making decisions based off of what comes to mind easily
representative heuristic
making a decision by comparing it to how well it represents a prototype
ex; racial profiling in criminal investigations
confirmation bias
tendency to search for info that supports our opinions & ignore info that contradicts us
fixation
inability to see a problem from a new perspective
mental set
tendency to stick to what is familiar/ what has worked in the past
belief perseverence
holding onto our beliefs in the face of contradictory concrete evidence
anchoring bias
tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of info you encounter
framing
the way a problem is presented to someone
phoneme
smallest distinctive sound unit in language
telegraphic speech
early stage in speech where child talks like a telegram; “go car”
morpheme
smallest unit that carries meaning in language
linguistic determinism
idea that language controls that way we think and interpret the world around us
linguistic influence
weaker form of linguistic relativity; the idea that language affects thought
linguistic relativity
the less similar two languages are, the more diverse the conceptualization of the world will be
general intelligence
g factor; ability of individuals to solve complex problems
factor analysis
statistical method that identifies common causes of variance in diff tests
ex; people who get high scores on a test of verbal ability, are also good at other tests that require verbal ability
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person is otherwise limited in mental ability, has an exceptional specific skill
ex; piano guy in the one ep of house
mental age
level of performance typically associated w children of a certain chronological age
stanford binet test
widely used american revision of binets original intelligence test
wechsler adult intelligence scale
most widely used intelligence test; measures IQ
cohort
a group of people sharing a common characteristic
crystalized intelligence
accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; increases w age
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; decreases w adulthood
stereotype threat
self confirming concern that one will be evaluated on a negative stereotype
internal reliability
whether the test is consistent within itself; measured by using split half method
external reliability
whether the test us consistent from one use to another
Note
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