Unit 9

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43 Terms

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Attribution Theory

explaining someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation (external circumstances) or the person's disposition (internal characteristics)

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Fundamental Attribution Error

we tend to overestimate the personality traits (dispositions) and underestimate the influence of the situation when explaining other behavior

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Central Route to Persuasion

present info with strong arguments, facts, and logic

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Peripheral Route to Persuasion

emphasize emotional appeal, positive feelings and traits

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Elaboration Likelihood Model

a dual process theory describing the change of attitudes

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Foot-in-the-door

complying with a smaller request then leads to going along with a larger request

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Door-in-the-face

a large request is turned down which then leads them to comply with a smaller, more reasonable request

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Reciprocity Norm

if people do something nice for you, you feel obligated to do something nice in return

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

psychological discomfort, tension, guilt (dissonance) occurs when our behaviors threaten our beliefs about ourselves. We reduce this dissonance by changing our attitudes OR changing our behaviors

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Conformity

adjusting one's behavior to coincide with a group standard

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Normative Social Influence

conforming to group pressure out of a need for approval and acceptance

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Informational Social Influence

conforming because of a need for information and direction

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Social Facilitation

improved performance of well known tasks in the presence of others

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Social Impairment (aka Social Inhibition)

tendency to perform worse (on difficult tasks) with an audience

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Social Loafing

tendency for people to exert less effort in a group than when they are individually accountable

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Deindividuation

the loss of self-restraint when group members feel anonymous, being in a crowd reduces guilt and self-awareness

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Group Polarization

the phenomenon in which group interaction reinforces the majority's point of view and shifts that view to a more extreme position

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Groupthink

Faulty decision making that occurs when a highly cohesive group strives for agreement and avoids critical thinking and inconsistent of information

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Prejudice

an unjustifiable attitude toward a group of people (prejudgment)

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Ethnocentrism

belief that one’s culture (sometimes included in race or national heritage) is superior to others

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Discrimination

when one acts on ones prejudice (behaviors)

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In-group

people whom we share a common identity with

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Outgroup

people perceived as different or not part of the group

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In-group Bias

tendency to favor our own group

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Scapegoat Theory

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone else to blame

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Just World Phenomenon (aka just world belief)

the idea that people get what they deserve; tendency to blame victim and say what goes around comes around

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Outgroup Homogeneity

judging members of the ingroup as more diverse than members of the outgroup

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Contact Theory

contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if the two groups are made to work toward a superordinate goal

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Superordinate Goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

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Frustration-Aggression Principle

frustration, the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal, creates anger which generates aggression

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Instrumental Aggression

premeditated, used as a means to an end

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Hostile Aggression

impulsive behavior that is motivated by a desire to hurt someone

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Passionate Love

intense longing for each other; early stages of love; intense possession obsession with another person

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Companionate Love

deep affectionate attachment; long-lasting (trust, friendship); self-disclosure

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Mere Exposure Effect

the more you see something or someone familiarity occurs, which breeds acceptance

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Altruism

unselfish giving

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Social Exchange Theory

social behavior (helping) is an exchange process - aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

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Social Responsibility Norm

the socially determined standard that one should assist those in need when possible

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Social Trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, each pursuing their own self-interests, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

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Prisoner’s Dilemma

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Bystander Effect (aka bystander intervention)

tendency for bystanders to be less likely to give aid the larger the amount of bystanders that are present. This is known as a diffusion of responsibility

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Diffusion of Responsibility

the phenomenon such that when there are multiple people present, each individual feels less of a responsibility for the situation

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Pluralistic Ignorance

Situation where people say nothing and each person falsely assumes that everyone else has a different, perhaps better informed opinion