Omics: Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics

Cell Bio Exam 3

Genomics

The study of genes and their functions

Transcriptomics

The study of gene expression

Proteomics

Study of all expressed proteins (proteome)

Metabolomics

What is the quantification of multiple chemicals and molecule metabolites to assess metabolic function and disease indication?

Genome

The entire DNA sequence of a particular species

DNA Sequencing

The process of determining the sequence of nucleotide bases in a piece of DNA

Illumina

Type of DNA sequencing that simultaneously identifies different bases by their different fluorescent signals

30,000

How many genes are there in human DNA?

3 billion

How many base pairs make up human DNA?

Disease Dx, detect predispositions, gene therapy, “custom drugs”, forensics, paternity testing, organ donor match

What are the benefits of genome research?

Point mutation (A to T)

What type of mutation causes Sickle Cell Disease?

BRCA1 and BRCA2

Inherited mutations in which genes result in increased risk of breast and ovarian cancers?

Limit cell division

What is the function of BRCA1 and BRCA2?

Transcriptome

What is the set of all mRNA transcripts produced by a cell?

Conversion of mRNA into cDNA to be sequenced into the cDNA library

How is RNA sequencing performed?

False positives, inconsistent results with different strains, needed enzymes may reach Vmax (speed limit)

What are some limitations of RNA sequencing?

Structural proteomics

Discipline that defines the primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of proteins

Discipline that assesses protein function

Functional proteomics

Mass spectrometry

Technique used to identify and quantify unknown compounds in a sample by measuring the mass of molecules within the sample

Ionization of the sample and characterization of those ions by their mass to charge ratios (m/z)

How is mass spectrometry performed?

Dysregulated metabolism is a major contributor to disease metabolomics is used to predict cancer/cardiovascular events.

What are some roles of metabolomics?

Quantitative determination of microbiota that can be correlated with disease.

What is a role of microbiomics?

Periodontitis

Disease caused by a microbial shift and dysbiosis, leading to an overgrowth of potentially pathogenic microbiota

Shotgun metagenomics

Technique where all DNA is sequenced in a sample, distinguishing genetically close species

Bioinformatics

Discipline that makes sense and predictions from genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, etc. data