Studied by 4 people
Cultural Services
Benefit society culturally, culture, or education
Recreation, human benefit, morale
Supporting Services
Anything so fundamental it makes the rest possible
Absolutely crucial for life in the entire ecosystem
Regulating Services
Controls or moderate the quality or amount of stuff
Changing the amount of something
Provisioning Services
Products that humans obtain or harvest
Humans taking things from the environment
Options for a species faced with extinction
1) Find somewhere else
2) Acclimation: survive with what they have
3) Evolve: change in genetics over time
4) Extinction
What makes a species invasive
1) Non-native
2) Outcompete for resources
3) Introduced somehow
Biomagnification
Bioaccumulated toxins/minerals/something moving through a trophic system
Bioaccumulation
Accumulation of something inside an organism
Point Source Pollution
Easy to pinpoint, determine responsibility
Non-Point Source Pollution
Collective pollution without a clear single origin
Net Primary Productivity
Available energy to be absorbed from primary producers
TOTAL amount of biomass available, biomass generated by primary producers for consumers
Gross Primary Productivity
Amount of energy primary producers take in from the sun that is turned into chemical energy
Trophic Efficiency
How efficiently is energy transferred between levels
(Pn/Pn-1)
Production Efficiency
How efficiently assimilated energy is used for growth and respiration
(Pn (biomass energy)/A (respiration + growth/reproduction)
What does a low PE mean
Using respiration to create heat
Endotherm
PE of <10%
What does a high PE mean
Not using respiration to create heat
Ectotherm
PE of > 10%
What process turns atmospheric nitrogen into usable nitrogen
Fixation
What turns usable nitrogen into NO3-
Nitrification
What turns NO3- into atmospheric nitrogen
Denitrification
What is changing the nitrogen between forms in the nitrogen cycle
Bacteria
What processes return carbon to the atmosphere
Respiration
Burning of fossil fuels
What is the largest sink of nitrogen
Atmosphere (78%)
What is the largest sink of carbon
Soil and rocks
Community
Only concerned with now living things and how they interact with one another
Many species interacting with each other
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
To keep a good amount of biodiversity we need a good middle ground of frequency of disturbances
Primary Succession
Starting from nothing
No soil, dead things, or biological framework
Islands, “bare rocks:
Secondary Succession
Starting from something
Could be recovering
Yes soil, mudbanks, dead stuff, and biological framework
Niche
An organisms role in an environment, how do organisms survive and reproduce
Fundamental Niche
Every possible condition that an organisms could survive and reproduce in (no competition)
Realized Niche
The actual conditions the organism is living and reproducing in (with competition)
Dominant Species
The bottom of the trophic pyramid
Primary Producers
Occupy the most biomass
Keystone Species
At the top of the trophic pyramid
Occupy the least biomass
Population
Only one species and their interactions with each other
Intraspecific Interactions
Happen within a population
Interspecific Interactions
Happens between many populations
N
Current population size
K
Carrying capacity
G
Growth rate
(can be calculated two ways)
R-selected Organisms
Thrive in unstable environments
Quick reproduction
Lots of offspring
Very dispersive
Shorter lifespans (in general)
Low energy per child
Scarce resources
K-selected Organisms
Thrive in stable environment
Slow reproduction
Few offspring
Lot of energy per child
Not very dispersive
Longer Lifespan
Density Dependent
Resource distribution (competition)
Disease
Predation
Parasites
Density Independent
Temperature
Natural disasters
Climate Change
Pollution
Type 1 Survivorship Curve
All are surviving at birth, till a certain age then they die
ex) humans
Type 2 Survivorship Curve
Constant death rate, have some amount of people dying no matter the age
ex) birds
Type 3 Survivorship Curve
Most die at birth, but the ones that make it live a long life
ex) sea turtles
Ecosystem Services
Things the environment provides to us for free, that are necessary to sustain life
What impacts biodiversity the most
Precipitation and rain
Bottleneck Event
It can begin a process known as the extinction vortex. Without intervention, a species will likely experience global extinction
Ecosystem
All the organisms living in an area as well as the abiotic factors they interact with
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe
In an ecosystem energy conversions are not completely efficient, some energy is always lost as heat
Trophic Levels
Levels of the energy pyramid are named to describe how organisms within the level acquire energy
Primary Producers
Receive energy from an abiotic source (sun)
Consumers
Eat other organisms for energy
Biological Augmentation
Uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem
Bioremediation
The use of organisms to detoxify ecosystems
Mutualism
Both species benefit
Commensalism
One species benefits while the other is unharmed
Herbivory
Parasitism
Predation
One species is harmed while the other benefits
Aposematic Coloration
Chemical defenses are often paired with bright warning coloration so predators will avoid them
Cryptic Coloration
Camouflage
Batesian Coloration
Harmless species looks or acts like a harmful one, aka dishonest coloration
Mullerian Mimicry
Harmful species resemble each other, aka honest coloration
Competition
Both species are harmed
Semelparous
Reproduce once in their lifetime
Heroparous
Reproduce multiple times in their lifetime
Life History Traits
Comprises the traits that affect its timing of reproduction and lifespan, determined by:
The age at first reproduction (or age of maturity)
How often the organism reproduces in its life
How many offspring are produced per reproductive episode
Note 
Flashcard (63)